Telemetric intracranial pressure monitoring system

• US 6,113,553 A
• Filed: 08/18/1998
• Issued: 09/05/2000
• Est. Priority Date: 03/05/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: LifeSensors, Inc.
• Original Assignee: LifeSensors, Inc.
• Inventors: Chubbuck, John G.
• Primary Examiner(s): Jaworski, Francis J.
• Application Number:
  US09/136,667
• Time in Patent Office: 749 Days
• Field of Search: 600/561, 73/718, 73/722, 73/724, 73/728, 73/729.1
• US Class Current: 600/561
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2560/0257 using atmospheric pressure
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 2562/028 Microscale sensors, e.g. electromechanical sensors [MEMS]
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0031 Implanted circuitry
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/031 Intracranial pressure
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/6864 Burr holes
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/7239 using differentiation including higher order derivatives
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 9/0038 using variations in capacitance
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 9/0072 using variations in capacitance

Abstract

The present invention relates to an apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient. The apparatus includes an implantable sensor implanted in the skull of a patient. The implantable sensor senses pressure and outputs a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull. The apparatus further includes a probe receiving the signal output by the implantable sensor when the probe is positioned near the implantable sensor. The probe outputs a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor. An interrogation circuit is provided for receiving the signal output by the probe and automatically outputting a digital signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

Claims

1. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including an inductor-capacitor circuit having a resonant frequency;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor, the interrogation circuit means including;

a probe drive circuit generating an RF signal whose frequency varies in a predetermined manner throughout an operating frequency range encompassing the resonant frequency of the sensor means, the RF signal generated by the probe drive circuit being output to the probe;

a frequency counting circuit means receiving the RF signal generated by the probe drive circuit for selectively counting the number of cycles of the RF signal for a predetermined time;

a coincidence detector means receiving the signal output by the probe means for triggering the frequency counting circuit means to begin counting the number of cycles of the RF signal received by the frequency counting circuit means for a predetermined time, thereby generating the signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the sensor means.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the probe means and sensor means are adapted to provide:

a maximum energy transfer between the probe means and the inductor-capacitor circuit of the sensor means when the output signal generated by the probe drive circuit corresponds to the resonant frequency of the sensor means, the maximum energy transfer resulting in a minimum value DC voltage being produced in the probe means output signal, thereby denoting the resonant frequency of the implantable sensor; and

wherein the coincidence detector means of the interrogation circuit means further comprises a differentiator receiving the probe means output signal, the differentiator differentiating such probe means output signal whereby the differentiator outputs the trigger signal in response to the minimum value DC voltage of the probe means output signal.

3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the inductor-capacitor circuit comprises a pressure-sensitive capacitor connected in parallel with an inductor, the inductor-capacitor circuit having a maximum resonant frequency less than 55 MHz.

11. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:

a barometer transmitting a signal indicative of atmospheric pressure; and

a data acquisition system means for receiving the signal output by the interrogation circuit means and for receiving the signal transmitted by the barometer, the data acquisition system means automatically computing the intracranial pressure of the patient based on the signals received from the interrogation circuit means and the barometer, whereby the data acquisition system means automatically provides output indications indicative of the intracranial pressure of the patient which are readily understandable by care providers providing care to the patient.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising:

a visual display means for receiving the output indications output by the data acquisition system means and displaying such output indications.

4. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including;

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the skull of the patient, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber including;

a bellows having an open upper end, a closed lower end plate portion defining the second capacitance plate, an elastomeric sidewall extending generally between the open upper end and the closed lower end plate portion, and an upper flange portion extending a distance outwardly from the sidewall;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency, the coil means including an upper end, a lower end and a length extending generally between the upper and lower ends of the coil means, the flange portion and the first capacitance plate being fixed a distance apart less than the length of the coil means;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frecuency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a chance in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the coil means further includes a coil form forming a longitudinal bore extending and wherein the pressure sensitive capacitor has an upper end and a lower end, the pressure sensitive capacitor being disposed within the longitudinal bore of the coil form such that the upper end and the lower end of the pressure sensitive capacitor are disposed within the longitudinal bore.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the coil form of the coil means further includes a shoulder portion extending a distance inwardly into the longitudinal bore of the coil form for maintaining the pressure sensitive capacitor in the longitudinal bore once the pressure sensitive capacitor has been disposed therein.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the sensor means further includes:

bias means disposed in the longitudinal bore of said coil form for holding the pressure sensitive capacitor in compression, wherein the bias means and the shoulder portion of the coil form cooperate to maintain the pressure sensitive capacitor in the longitudinal bore of said coil form.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the pressure sensitive capacitor further includes:

a rigid spacer disposed between the upper flange portion of the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate, the rigid spacer defining a chamber and being constructed of a non-conductive material, the rigid spacer having first and second opposing ends lying, respectively, in first and second substantially parallel planes; and

wherein the bellows further includes a step portion extending outwardly a distance from the sidewall wherein the step portion is configured to be matingly disposed in the chamber of the rigid spacer.

9. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the upper end of the coil means is attached to a portion of the housing.

10. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including;

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the skull of the patient, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber further including;

an aperture communicating with the gas receiving cavity of the pressure sensitive chamber, the aperture having an upper tapered portion and a lower cylindrical portion; and

a tapered pin disposed in the aperture for sealing the pressure reference gas within the gas receiving cavity, the tapered pin having a taper less than the taper of the upper tapered portion of the aperture;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

13. An implantable sensor for sensing pressure within a cavity in a living entity, the implantable sensor comprising:

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the cavity in the living entity, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber including;

a bellows having an open upper end, a closed lower end Plate portion defining the second capacitance plate, an elastomeric sidewall extending generally between the open upper end and the closed lower end, and an upper flange portion extending a distance outwardly from the sidewall;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency, the coil means having an upper end, a lower end and a length extending generally between the upper and lower ends of the coil means, the upper flange portion and the first capacitance Plate being fixed a distance apart less than the length of the coil means;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means.

14. The implantable sensor of claim 13 wherein the means includes a coil form having a longitudinal bore extending therethrough from the upper end to the lower end of the coil form and wherein the pressure sensitive capacitor has an upper end and a lower end, the pressure sensitive capacitor being such that the upper end and the lower end of the pressure sensitive capacitor are disposed within the longitudinal bore.

15. The implantable sensor of claim 14 wherein the coil form of the coil means includes a shoulder portion extending a distance inwardly into the longitudinal bore of the coil form for maintaining the pressure sensitive capacitor in the longitudinal bore once the pressure sensitive capacitor has been disposed therein.

16. The implantable sensor of claim 15 wherein the implantable sensor further includes:

bias means disposed in the longitudinal bore of the coil form for holding the pressure sensitive capacitor in compression wherein the bias means and the shoulder portion of the coil form cooperate to maintain the pressure sensitive capacitor in the longitudinal bore of the coil form.

17. The implantable sensor of claim 16 wherein the pressure sensitive capacitor further comprises:

a rigid spacer disposed between the upper flange portion of the bellows and the first capacitance plate, the rigid spacer defining a chamber and being constructed of a non-conductive material, the rigid spacer having first and second opposing ends lying, respectively, in first and second substantially parallel planes; and

wherein the bellows further comprises a step portion extending outwardly a distance from the sidewall wherein the step portion is configured to be matingly disposed in the chamber of the rigid spacer.

18. The implantable sensor of claim 15 wherein the upper end of the coil form is attached to a portion of the housing.

19. An implantable sensor for sensing pressure within a cavity in a living entity, the implantable sensor comprising:

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the cavity in the living entity, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber including;

an aperture communicating with the gas receiving cavity of the pressure sensitive chamber, the aperture having a tapered upper portion and a cylindrical lower portion;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means; and

a tapered pin disposed in the aperture for sealing the pressure reference gas within the gas receiving cavity wherein the tapered pin has a taper less than the taper of the upper tapered portion of the aperture.

20. A pressure sensitive capacitor comprising:

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, the pressure sensitive chamber having a portion defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate wherein the pressure sensitive chamber further defines;

an aperture communicating with the gas receiving cavity of the pressure sensitive chamber, the aperture having an upper tapered portion and a lower cylindrical portion;

a tapered pin disposed in the aperture for sealing the pressure reference gas within the gas receiving cavity wherein the tapered Pin has a taper less than the taper of the upper tapered portion of the aperture; and

wherein actual pressure surrounding the pressure sensitive chamber opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the capacitance of the pressure sensitive capacitor is varied based on the actual pressure surrounding the pressure sensitive chamber.

21. An interrogation circuit for outputting RF signals to a probe which is electrically coupled to an implantable sensor having a resonant frequency and being implanted in a cavity within a patient, the interrogation circuit comprising:

a probe drive circuit means for generating RF signals whose frequency varies in a predetermined manner throughout an operating frequency range, the RF signals generated by the probe drive circuit means being output to the probe;

a frequency counting circuit means receiving the RF signal output by the probe drive circuit means for selectively counting the number of cycles of the RF signal for a predetermined time; and

a coincidence detector means for receiving a signal output by the probe, the signal output by the probe being indicative of the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor and the coincidence detector means outputting a trigger signal to be received by the frequency counting circuit means for triggering the frequency counting circuit means to begin counting the number of cycles of the RF signal output by the probe drive circuit means for a predetermined time so as to generate a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

22. The interrogation circuit of claim 21 wherein the frequency counting circuit means and coincidence detector means are adapted to provide a maximum energy transfer between the probe and the implantable sensor when the output signal generated by the probe drive circuit means corresponds to the resonant frequency of the implantable sensor, the maximum energy transfer resulting in a minimum value DC voltage being produced in the probe output signal thereby denoting the resonant frequency of the implantable sensor;

and

wherein the coincidence detector means further includes a differentiator receiving the probe output signal, the differentiator differentiating such probe output signal whereby the differentiator outputs the trigger signal in response to the minimum value DC voltage of the probe output signal.

23. A method for forming an implantable sensor for sensing the pressure within a cavity within a living entity, the method comprising the steps of:

disposing an implantable sensor and a quantity of fluid within a sealed container, the implantable sensor having a housing defining a chamber and the implantable sensor having a pressure reference disposed within the chamber of the housing;

drawing a vacuum within the sealed container;

submerging the implantable sensor within the quantity of fluid;

releasing the vacuum in the sealed container back to atmospheric pressure for allowing a quantity of fluid to migrate into the implantable sensor through an aperture formed through the housing of the implantable sensor;

exchanging the quantity of fluid within the implantable sensor with a quantity of fluid substantially saturated with gas at a temperature substantially equal to standard body temperature; and

sealing the implantable sensor, whereby the implantable sensor has a calibration baseline that remains substantially constant throughout the life of the implantable sensor.

24. The method of claim 23 wherein the step of exchanging the quantity of fluid within the implantable sensor is further defined as:

injecting a quantity of fluid saturated with gas at a temperature substantially equal to standard body temperature while maintaining the implantable sensor at standard body temperature.

25. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including;

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the skull of the patient, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate; and

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means, the pressure responsive means of the sensor means including;

a flexible membrane connected to a portion of the housing such that the flexible membrane communicates with the chamber formed in the housing whereby the flexible membrane communicates the cranial pressure to the chamber of the housing;

a quantity of fluid disposed within the housing of the sensor means, the fluid serving to transmit deformations of the flexible membrane into compression of the pressure sensitive chamber, wherein the fluid is substantially saturated with gas at a temperature substantially equal to standard body temperature;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

26. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including;

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the skull of the patient, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber including;

a bellows having a sidewall constructed of alternating layers of a first metal and a second metal wherein the sidewall has at least 3 layers of the first metal and at least 2 layers of the second metal;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal proportional to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.

27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the first metal is nickel and the second metal is copper.

28. An implantable sensor for sensing pressure within a cavity in a living entity, the implantable sensor comprising:

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the cavity in the living entity, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means, the pressure responsive means including;

a flexible membrane connected to a portion of the housing such that the flexible membrane communicates with the chamber formed in the housing wherein the flexible membrane communicates the cranial pressure to the chamber of the housing; and

a quantity of fluid disposed within the housing of the implantable sensor, the fluid serving to transmit deformations of the flexible membrane into compression of the bellows wherein the fluid is substantially saturated with gas at a temperature substantially equal to standard body temperature.

29. An implantable sensor for sensing pressure within a cavity in a living entity, the implantable sensor comprising:

a housing adapted to be disposed within at least a portion of the cavity in the living entity, the housing defining a chamber;

a pressure sensitive capacitor disposed within the chamber of the housing, the pressure sensitive capacitor comprising;

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, a portion of the pressure sensitive chamber defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, the pressure sensitive chamber including;

a bellows having a sidewall constructed of alternating layers of a first metal and a second metal wherein the sidewall has at least 3 layers of the first metal and at least 2 layers of the second metal;

coil means electrically connected to a portion of both the pressure sensitive chamber and the first capacitance plate for forming an inductor-capacitor resonant circuit having a resonant frequency;

pressure responsive means for communicating the actual pressure within the cavity in the living entity to the pressure sensitive chamber such that the pressure within the cavity in the living entity opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the resonant frequency of the inductor-capacitor resonant circuit is varied in response to a change in pressure sensed by the pressure responsive means.

30. The implantable sensor of claim 29 wherein the first metal is nickel and the second metal is copper.

31. A pressure sensitive capacitor comprising:

a first capacitance plate;

a pressure sensitive chamber constructed of a gas impermeable substance, the pressure sensitive chamber defining a gas receiving cavity filled with a gas which forms a pressure reference, the pressure sensitive chamber having a portion defining a second capacitance plate spaced a distance from the first capacitance plate and being movable relative to the first capacitance plate, wherein the pressure sensitive chamber further comprises;

a bellows having a sidewall constructed of alternating layers of a first metal and a second metal wherein the sidewall has at least 3 layers of the first metal and at least 2 layers of the second metal; and

wherein actual pressure surrounding the pressure sensitive chamber opposes the pressure sensitive chamber and varies the distance between the first and second capacitance plates, whereby the capacitance of the pressure sensitive capacitor is varied based on the actual pressure surrounding the pressure sensitive chamber.

32. The pressure sensitive capacitor of claim 31 wherein the first metal is nickel and the second metal is copper.

33. An apparatus for monitoring the intracranial pressure of a patient, the apparatus comprising:

passive sensor means adapted to be implanted in the skull of a patient for sensing pressure and outputting a signal indicative of the pressure in the patient'"'"'s skull, the sensor means including an inductor-capacitor circuit having a resonant frequency;

probe means receiving the sensor means output signal when the probe means is positioned near the sensor means for outputting a signal indicative of the pressure sensed by the sensor means; and

interrogation circuit means receiving the probe means output signal for automatically outputting a signal relative to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor, the interrogation circuit means including;

a probe drive circuit generating an RF signal whose frequency varies in a predetermined manner throughout an operating frequency range encompassing the resonant frequency of the sensor means, the RF signal generated by the probe drive circuit being output to the probe;

a frequency counting circuit means receiving the RF signal generated by the probe drive circuit for selectively counting the number of cycles of the RF signal for a predetermined time;

a coincidence detector means receiving the signal output by the probe means for triggering the frequency counting circuit means to begin counting the number of cycles of the RF signal received by the frequency counting circuit means for a predetermined time, thereby generating the signal relative to the pressure sensed by the sensor means.

34. An interrogation circuit for outputting RF signals to a probe which is electrically coupled to an implantable sensor having a resonant frequency and being implanted in a cavity within a patient, the interrogation circuit comprising:

a probe drive circuit means for generating RF signals whose frequency varies in a predetermined manner throughout an operating frequency range, the RF signals generated by the probe drive circuit means being output to the probe;

a frequency counting circuit means receiving the RF signal output by the probe drive circuit means for selectively counting the number of cycles of the RF signal for a predetermined time; and

a coincidence detector means for receiving a signal output by the probe, the signal output by the probe being indicative of the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor and the coincidence detector means outputting a trigger signal to be received by the frequency counting circuit means for triggering the frequency counting circuit means to begin counting the number of cycles of the RF signal output by the probe drive circuit means for a predetermined time so as to generate a signal relative to the pressure sensed by the implantable sensor.