Apparatus and method for measuring optical characteristics of an object

• US 6,233,047 B1
• Filed: 06/08/1998
• Issued: 05/15/2001
• Est. Priority Date: 01/02/1997
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: RPX Corporation
• Original Assignee: LJ Laboratories L.L.C.
• Inventors: Jung, Wayne D., Jung, Russell W., Loudermilk, Alan R.
• Primary Examiner(s): EVANS, FANNIE L
• Application Number:
  US09/091,208
• Time in Patent Office: 1,072 Days
• Field of Search: 356/73, 356/371, 356/402, 356/405, 356/406, 356/407, 356/416, 356/425, 356/419, 356/445, 356/446, 356/417
• US Class Current: 356/73
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/02 Details
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0218 using optical fibers
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/50 using electric radiation detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/51 using colour filters
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/513 having fixed filter-detector pairs
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/4742 comprising optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/4747 Concentric bundles
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/6471 Special filters, filter wheel
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 2021/6484 Optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/255 Details, e.g. use of specially adapted sources, lighting or optical systems
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/474 Details of optical heads therefor, e.g. using optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/645 Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters

Abstract

Color/optical characteristics measuring systems and methods are disclosed. Perimeter receiver fiber optics/elements (7) are spaced apart from a central source fiber optic/element (5) and received light reflected from the surface of the object (20) is measured. Light from the perimeter fiber optics (7) pass to a variety of filters. The system utilizes the perimeter receiver fiber optics (7) to determine information regarding the height and angle of the probe (1) with respect to the object (20) being measured. Under processor control (20), the color measurement may be made at a predetermined height and angle. Various color spectral photometer arrangements are disclosed. Translucency, fluorescence, and/or surface texture data also may be obtained. Audio feedback may be provided to guide operator use of the system. The probe (1) may have a removable or shielded tip for contamination prevention.

Claims

1. A method for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising the steps of:

measuring the object by moving a probe in proximity to the object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers;

determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with first sensors; and

measuring the optical characteristics of the object with second sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the first sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise translucence characteristics.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise fluorescence characteristics.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise surface texture characteristics.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe comprises one or more light source fiber optics coupled to a light source and a plurality of light receiver fiber optics coupled to the first and second sensors.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light receivers are each spaced a first distance from a first light source on the probe, and wherein the plurality of light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers on the probe by a second distance.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the probe comprises three light receivers spaced around the first light source, wherein the light receivers are spaced apart from adjacent light receivers with an angular spacing of about 120 degrees.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the second sensors comprise a color spectrophotometer.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second sensors comprise a plurality of filters optically coupled to a plurality of light measuring devices.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the filters comprise filters that pass light of predetermined frequencies of received light.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first sensors comprise light measuring sensors measuring the same bandwidth, and wherein the second sensors comprise a color tristimulus measuring device.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

processing the measured data with a computing device; and

displaying a representation corresponding to the measured data on a display device.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the computing device is coupled to a telecommunication device, the method further comprising transmitting data corresponding to the measured data to a remote facility.

15. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising generating audio information, wherein the audio information is indicative of the status of the optical characteristics determination.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe has a removable cover element.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the removable cover element comprises a shield.

18. The method of claim 16, further comprising positioning the removable cover element on the probe prior to measuring the object.

19. The method of claim 16, further comprising the steps of sterilizing the removable cover element and positioning the cover element on the probe prior to measuring the object.

20. The method of claim 1, wherein the probe has a removable tip.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising positioning the removable tip on the probe prior to measuring the object.

22. The method of claim 20, further comprising sterilizing the removable tip and positioning the removable tip on the probe prior to measuring the object.

23. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of

determining the intensity of reflected light with the first sensors comprises the steps of:

determining a first peak intensity value with one or more of the first sensors as the probe is moved towards the object; and

determining a second peak intensity value with one or more of the first sensors as the probe is moved away from the object.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the object is measured with the second sensors when the first and second peak intensity values are substantially equal.

25. The method of claim 23, further comprising the steps of:

comparing the first and second peak intensity values;

accepting the data measured by the second sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are within a predetermined range; and

rejecting the data measured by the second sensors if the compared first and second peak intensity values are outside the predetermined range.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising the steps of:

generating first audio information if the measured data is accepted; and

generating second audio information if the measured data is rejected.

27. The method of claim 25, further comprising the step of modifying the predetermined range.

28. The method of claim 23, further comprising the step of determining an intermediate intensity value with the first sensors at a time intermediate between the time when the first and second peak intensity values are determined, wherein the intermediate intensity value corresponds to the translucence of the object.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the intermediate intensity value is determined when the probe is in contact or near contact with the object.

30. The method of claim 1, wherein the optical characteristics of the object are measured without the probe contacting the object.

31. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is measured at a time when a plurality of the first sensors measure peak intensity values as the probe moves with respect to the object.

32. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is measured when the probe is at a predetermined distance from the object.

33. The method of claim 1, wherein the object is measured when the probe is at a predetermined distance and angle with respect to the object.

34. The method of claim 1, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

35. The method of claim 1, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

36. The method of claim 1, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

37. An apparatus for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising:

a probe movable relative to the object, wherein through relative movement between the probe and the object the probe is in proximity to the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers;

first sensors for determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers; and

second sensors for measuring the optical characteristics of the object based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the first sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

40. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

41. A method comprising the steps of:

measuring a first object by positioning a probe in proximity to the first objects wherein the first object is positioned in proximity to the probe through relative movement between the probe and the first object, wherein the probe provides light to the first object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the first object through a plurality of light receivers;

determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with first sensors;

measuring the optical characteristics of the first object with second sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the first sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the first object;

preparing a second object based on the data indicative of the optical characteristics of the first object, wherein constituent materials of the second object are selected based on said data.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the constituent materials are selected based on Kubelka-Munk equations and/or Saunderson equations.

43. The apparatus of claim 41, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

45. The method of claim 41, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

46. A method comprising the steps of:

measuring an object by moving a probe in proximity to the object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers;

determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with first sensors;

measuring the optical characteristics of the object with second sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the first sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object; and

performing an industrial process on the object based on said data.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the industrial process comprises sorting the object based on said data.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

49. The method of claim 46, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

50. The method of claim 46, wherein the intensity determinations made by the first sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

51. An apparatus for measuring the color of an object with a probe as the probe is moved with respect to the object through relative movement between the probe and the object, comprising:

a probe having at least one light source and a plurality of light receivers spaced apart from the at least one light source, wherein light from the at least one light source is returned into the plurality of light receivers;

sensors coupled to receive light from the light receivers, wherein at least some of sensors measure the value of the intensity of light in predetermined color bands;

a processor coupled to receive data from the light sensors;

wherein the processor monitors the intensity values for one or more of the light receivers and stores data from the sensors at time when the one or more light receivers have a peak intensity value.

52. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the peak intensity value corresponds to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

53. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the peak intensity value corresponds to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

54. The apparatus of claim 51, wherein the peak intensity value corresponds to a distance of the probe from the object.

55. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors through a color gradient filter;

taking a plurality of first and second measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the first and second measurements include at least measurements taken at first and second distances from the surface of the object; and

generating data indicative of optical characteristics of the object based on the first and second measurements, respectively.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property.

57. The method of claim 55, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements.

58. The method of claim 55, wherein at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more optical sensors is generated, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on the at least one signal.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

60. The method of claim 58, wherein spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

61. The method of claim 55, wherein the one or more optical sensors comprise a linear array of sensors, an array of sensors, a matrix of sensors, or CCD sensing elements.

62. The method of claim 55, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

63. The method of claim 55, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

64. The method of claim 55, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

66. The method of claim 55, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

68. The method of claim 66, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

69. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors through a color gradient filter;

taking a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the plurality of measurements include at least measurements taken to determine a physical position of the probe with respect to the object; and

generating data indicative of optical characteristics of the object based on the measurements.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the physical position corresponds to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

71. The method of claim 69, wherein the physical position corresponds to a distance of the probe from the object.

72. The method of claim 69, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property.

73. The method of claim 69, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements.

74. The method of claim 69, wherein at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more optical sensors is generated, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on the at least one signal.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

76. The method of claim 74, wherein spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

77. The method of claim 69, wherein the one or more optical sensors comprise a linear array of sensors, an array of sensors, a matrix of sensors, or CCD sensing elements.

78. The method of claim 69, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

79. The method of claim 69, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

80. The method of claim 69, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

81. The method of claim 80, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

82. The method of claim 69, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

84. The method of claim 82, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

85. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors through a color gradient filter;

taking a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors; and

determining at least a peak intensity of received light based on the measurements as the probe is a distance away from the object, wherein data indicative of optical characteristics of the object are generated based on at least the peak intensity.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property.

87. The method of claim 85, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements.

88. The method of claim 85, wherein at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more optical sensors is generated, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on the at least one signal.

89. The method of claim 88, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

90. The method of claim 88, wherein spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

91. The method of claim 85, wherein the one or more optical sensors comprise a linear array of sensors, an array of sensors, a matrix of sensors, or CCD sensing elements.

92. The method of claim 85, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

93. The method of claim 85, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

94. The method of claim 85, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

96. The method of claim 85, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

97. The method of claim 96, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

98. The method of claim 96, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

99. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers; and

determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with second optical sensors, and measuring the optical characteristics of the object with first optical sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers through a color gradient filter in response to the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object.

100. The method of claim 99, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property.

101. The method of claim 99, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements.

102. The method of claim 99, wherein at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the first optical sensors is generated, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on the at least one signal.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

104. The method of claim 102, wherein spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of first optical sensors.

105. The method of claim 99, wherein one or more of the first optical sensors comprise a linear array of sensors, an array of sensors, a matrix of sensors, or CCD sensing elements.

106. The method of claim 99, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

107. The method of claim 99, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

108. The method of claim 99, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

110. The method of claim 99, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

111. The method of claim 99, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

112. The method of claim 99, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

113. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object and receives light from the object, wherein the received light is coupled to one or more optical sensors at least in part through a color gradient filter for generating data indicative of optical characteristics including at least spectral and translucence characteristics of the object; and

taking first and second measurements with the one or more optical sensors as the probe is directed towards the surface of the object, wherein the first and second measurements measure light that is incident on the object and returned from the object, wherein data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object are determined based on the first and second measurements and without requiring the positioning of an optical implement behind the object.

114. The method of claim 113, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of filter portions having a wavelength dependent optical transmission property.

115. The method of claim 113, wherein the color gradient filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements.

116. The method of claim 113, wherein at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by the one or more optical sensors is generated, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on the at least one signal.

117. The method of claim 116, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

118. The method of claim 116, wherein spectral characteristics are determined based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

119. The method of claim 113, wherein the one or more optical sensors comprise a linear array of sensors, an array of sensors, a matrix of sensors, or CCD sensing elements.

120. The method of claim 113, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

121. The method of claim 113, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

122. The method of claim 113, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

123. The method of claim 122, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

124. The method of claim 113, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

125. The method of claim 124, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

126. The method of claim 124, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

127. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors, wherein the one or more optical sensors generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the light receivers;

taking a plurality of first and second measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the first and second measurements include at least measurements taken at first and second distances from the surface of the object; and

generating data indicative of optical characteristics of the object based on the first and second measurements, respectively.

128. The method of claim 127, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

129. The method of claim 127, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to the one or more optical sensors, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

130. The method of claim 127, wherein one or more of the optical sensors comprise light to frequency converter sensing elements.

131. The method of claim 127, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements, a color gradient filter, or a filter grid.

132. The method of claim 127, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

133. The method of claim 127, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

134. The method of claim 127, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

135. The method of claim 134, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

136. The method of claim 127, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

138. The method of claim 136, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

139. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors, wherein the one or more optical sensors generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the light receivers;

taking a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors, wherein the plurality of measurements include at least measurements taken to determine a physical position of the probe with respect to the object; and

generating data indicative of optical characteristics of the object based on the measurements.

140. The method of claim 139, wherein the physical position corresponds to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

141. The method of claim 139, wherein the physical position corresponds to a distance of the probe from the object.

142. The method of claim 139, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

143. The method of claim 139, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

144. The method of claim 139, wherein one or more of the optical sensors comprise light to frequency converter sensing elements.

145. The method of claim 139, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements, a color gradient filter, or a filter grid.

146. The method of claim 139, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

147. The method of claim 139, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

148. The method of claim 139, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

149. The method of claim 148, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

150. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers, wherein light from the light receivers is coupled to one or more optical sensors, wherein the one or more optical sensors generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the light receivers;

taking a plurality of measurements with the one or more optical sensors; and

determining at least a peak intensity of received light based on the measurements as the probe is a distance away from the object, wherein data indicative of optical characteristics of the object are generated based on at least the peak intensity.

151. The method of claim 150, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

152. The method of claim 150, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

153. The method of claim 150, wherein one or more of the optical sensors comprise light to frequency converter sensing elements.

154. The method of claim 150, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements, a color gradient filter, or a filter grid.

155. The method of claim 150, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

156. The method of claim 150, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

157. The method of claim 150, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

158. The method of claim 157, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

159. The method of claim 150, wherein measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

160. The method of claim 159, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

161. The method of claim 159, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

162. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object from one or more light sources, and receives light from the object through a plurality of light receivers; and

determining the intensity of light received by more than one of the light receivers with second optical sensors, and measuring the optical characteristics of the object with first optical sensors based on light received by one or more of the light receivers in response to the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors, wherein the measurement produces data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object, wherein at least one of the first optical sensors generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the light receivers.

163. The method of claim 162, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

164. The method of claim 162, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the first optical sensors, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of first optical sensors.

165. The method of claim 162, wherein one or more of the first optical sensors comprise light to frequency converter sensing elements.

166. The method of claim 162, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the first optical sensors, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of cutoff filter elements, a color gradient filter, or a filter grid.

167. The method of claim 162, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the first optical sensors, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

168. The method of claim 162, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

169. The method of claim 162, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

170. The method of claim 169, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

171. The method of claim 162, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

172. The method of claim 162, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

173. The method of claim 162, wherein the intensity determinations made by the second optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.

174. A method, comprising the steps of:

positioning a probe in proximity to an object through relative movement between the probe and the object, wherein the probe provides light to the object and receives light from the object, wherein the received light is coupled to one or more optical sensors for generating data indicative of optical characteristics including at least spectral and translucence characteristics of the object, wherein the one or more optical sensors generate at least one signal having a frequency proportional to the light intensity received by one or more of the light receivers; and

taking first and second measurements with the one or more optical sensors as the probe is directed towards the surface of the object, wherein the first and second measurements measure light that is incident on the object and returned from the object, wherein data indicative of the optical characteristics of the object are determined based on the first and second measurements and without requiring the positioning of an optical implement behind the object.

175. The method of claim 174, wherein the at least one signal comprises a digital signal.

176. The method of claim 174, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the data indicative of the optical characteristics are generated based on measuring a period of a plurality of digital signals produced by a plurality of optical sensors.

177. The method of claim 174, wherein one or more of the optical sensors comprise light to frequency converter sensing elements.

178. The method of claim 174, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the filter comprises a plurality of cut-off filter elements, a color gradient filter, or a filter grid.

179. The method of claim 174, wherein the light passes through a filter prior to being coupled to one or more of the optical sensors, wherein the received light is spectrally analyzed without using a diffraction grating.

180. The method of claim 174, wherein the optical characteristics of the object comprise color characteristics, translucence characteristics, fluorescence characteristics and/or surface texture characteristics.

181. The method of claim 174, wherein light is coupled to and from the probe with a light conduit.

182. The method of claim 181, wherein the light conduit is tapered.

183. The method of claim 174, wherein the measurements made by first optical sensors correspond to a physical position of the probe with respect to the object.

184. The method of claim 183, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to an angle of the probe with respect to the object.

185. The method of claim 183, wherein the measurements made by the first optical sensors correspond to a distance of the probe from the object.