Nanotechnology for electrochemical and energy devices

• US 6,569,518 B2
• Filed: 05/17/2002
• Issued: 05/27/2003
• Est. Priority Date: 11/06/1998
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: PPG Industries Ohio Incorporated (Nouryon BV)
• Original Assignee: NanoProducts Corporation (Nouryon BV)
• Inventors: Yadav, Tapesh, Au, Ming
• Primary Examiner(s): Le, H. Thi
• Application Number:
  US10/147,599
• Publication Number:
  US 20030012952A1
• Time in Patent Office: 375 Days
• Field of Search: 428/323, 428/328, 428/331, 148/514, 148/516, 429/12, 427/58, 427/115
• US Class Current: 428/323
• CPC Class Codes: A61L 27/06 Titanium or titanium alloys
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 12/005 carried out at high temperatures, e.g. by pyrolysis
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 12/02 for obtaining at least one reaction product which, at normal temperature, is in the solid state
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 19/0046 Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays synthesis methods per se C40B50/00
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 19/24 Stationary reactors without moving elements inside B01J19/08, B01J19/26 take precedence; with stationary particles B01J8/02
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00094 Jackets
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00135 Electric resistance heaters
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00155 using insulating materials or refractories
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00177 controlling the pH
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0018 controlling the conductivity
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00317 Microwell devices, i.e. having large numbers of wells
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00385 Printing
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0043 for direct application of reagents, e.g. through openings in a shutter
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00653 the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00707 separated from the reactor apparatus
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00745 Inorganic compounds
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00747 Catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0075 Metal based compounds
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00754 Metal oxides
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/00756 Compositions, e.g. coatings, crystals, formulations
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2219/0894 : Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/002 : Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/08 : of gallium, indium or thallium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 23/14 : of germanium, tin or lead
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/00 : Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
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• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/18 : Silver
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• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/305 : Boron
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/31 : Aluminium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/33 : Indium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/3706 : Lanthanum
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/43 : Tin
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/47 : Titanium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/48 : Zirconium
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/54 : Bismuth
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/56 : Niobium
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• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/842 : Iron
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/845 : Cobalt
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 2523/847 : Nickel
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 35/23 : in a colloidal state
• CPC Class Codes: B01J 37/18 : with gases containing free hydrogen
• CPC Class Codes: B05B 1/12 : capable of producing different kinds of discharge, e.g. either jet or spray having selectively-effective outlets B05B1/16
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 1/054 : Nanosized particles
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 1/12 : Metallic powder containing non-metallic particles containing lubricating or binding agents or organic material B22F1/10
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2009/041 : by mechanical alloying, e.g. blending, milling
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2201/11 : Argon
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2202/13 : Use of plasma
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2998/00 : Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 2999/00 : Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 9/04 : starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling C22C1/1084 takes precedence; crushing, grinding or milling, in general, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. B02C
• CPC Class Codes: B22F 9/12 : starting from gaseous material
• CPC Class Codes: B29C 70/58 : comprising fillers only , e.g. particles, powder, beads, flakes, spheres B29C70/025 takes precedence, agglomerating hollow spheres to produce synthetic foam B29C70/66; compounding ingredients per se C08K
• CPC Class Codes: B82B 1/00 : Nanostructures formed by manipulation of individual atoms or molecules, or limited collections of atoms or molecules as discrete units
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 25/00 : Nanomagnetism, e.g. magnetoimpedance, anisotropic magnetoresistance, giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 30/00 : Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• CPC Class Codes: B82Y 5/00 : Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 13/145 : After-treatment of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. pulverising, drying, decreasing the acidity
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 19/007 : Tellurides or selenides of metals C01B19/002 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 21/062 : with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 3/001 : characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 32/956 : Silicon carbide
• CPC Class Codes: C01B 35/04 : Metal borides
• CPC Class Codes: C01F 11/06 : of carbonates
• CPC Class Codes: C01F 5/06 : by thermal decomposition of magnesium compounds calcining magnesite or dolomite C04B2/10
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 23/006 : Alkaline earth titanates
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 25/00 : Compounds of zirconium
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 25/02 : Oxides
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 41/02 : Oxides; Hydroxides
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 53/00 : Compounds of nickel
• CPC Class Codes: C01G 53/006 : Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen nickelates C01G53/40
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/01 : depicted by a TEM-image
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/02 : Amorphous compounds
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/34 : perovskite-type (ABO3)
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/54 : one element only
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/60 : Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2002/72 : by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/03 : obtained by SEM
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/04 : obtained by TEM, STEM, STM or AFM
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/38 : cube-like
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/51 : Particles with a specific particle size distribution
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/54 : Particles characterised by their aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of sizes in the longest to the shortest dimension
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/61 : Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/62 : Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2004/64 : Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2006/10 : Solid density
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2006/12 : Surface area
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2006/40 : Electric properties
• CPC Class Codes: C01P 2006/60 : Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2111/00844 : for electronic applications
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3241 : Chromium oxides, chromates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3262 : Manganese oxides, manganates, rhenium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. MnO
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3275 : Cobalt oxides, cobaltates or cobaltites or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bismuth cobaltate, zinc cobaltite
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3279 : Nickel oxides, nickalates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3284 : Zinc oxides, zincates, cadmium oxides, cadmiates, mercury oxides, mercurates or oxide forming salts thereof
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/3298 : Bismuth oxides, bismuthates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. zinc bismuthate
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/79 : Non-stoichiometric products, e.g. perovskites (ABO3) with an A/B-ratio other than 1
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 2235/80 : Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/00 : Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition porous ceramic products C04B38/00; ceramic articles characterised by particular shape, see the relevant classes, e.g. linings for casting ladles, tundishes, cups or the like B22D41/02; ceramic substrates for microelectronic semi-conductors H01L23/15; Ceramics compositions containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents C22C; shaping of ceramics B28B; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products chemical preparation of powders of inorganic compounds C01; infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal C04B41/51
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/01 : based on oxide ceramics
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/10 : based on aluminium oxide
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/265 : Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese or zinc and one or more ferrites of the group comprising nickel, copper or cobalt
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/2666 : Other ferrites containing nickel, copper or cobalt
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/453 : based on zinc, tin, or bismuth oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. zincates, stannates or bismuthates
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/457 : based on tin oxides or stannates
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/56 : based on carbides or oxycarbides containing free metal binder C22C29/00
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/5611 : based on titanium carbides
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/581 : based on aluminium nitride
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 35/62222 : obtaining ceramic coatings coating of mortars, concrete, artificial or natural stone or ceramics C04B41/45; laminated ceramic products B32B18/00; coating metallic materials C23; coating of glass C03C17/00, applying ceramic coatings on silicon for semi-conductor purposes H01L
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/009 : characterised by the material treated
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/4539 : as a emulsion, dispersion or suspension
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/4549 : Nanometer-sized particles
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/5027 : Oxide ceramics in general; Specific oxide ceramics not covered by C04B41/5029 - C04B41/5051
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/5049 : Zinc or bismuth oxides
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/5059 : Silicon carbide
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/5116 : Ag or Au
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/5122 : Pd or Pt
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/52 : Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/524 : Multiple coatings, comprising a coating layer of the same material as a previous coating layer
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/87 : Ceramics
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/89 : for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
• CPC Class Codes: C04B 41/90 : at least one coating being a metal
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 2201/011 : Nanostructured additives
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 2201/016 : Additives defined by their aspect ratio
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 3/01 : characterized by their specific function
• CPC Class Codes: C08K 3/08 : Metals
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 27/127 : comprising nanoparticles
• CPC Class Codes: H01C 17/0652 : containing carbon or carbides
• CPC Class Codes: H01C 7/112 : ZnO type
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 1/0036 : showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity, H01F1/153, H01F1/42 and H01F10/00 take precedence; magnetoresistive sensors G01D5/16, G01R33/06; magnetoresistive recording G11B5/39; magnetic-field-controlled resistors H10N50/10
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 1/0045 : Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use preparation of fullerenes in general C01B32/15
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 1/36 : in the form of particles H01F1/346, H01F1/348 and H01F1/38 take precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01F 41/0246 : Manufacturing of magnetic circuits by moulding or by pressing powder magnetic cores made by moulding or by pressing powder H01F27/255; soft magnetic particles H01F1/20, H01F1/36
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 4/12 : Ceramic dielectrics H01G4/085 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H01G 4/33 : Thin- or thick-film capacitors thin- or thick-film circuits H01L27/00; capacitors without a potential-jump or surface barrier specially adapted for integrated circuits, details thereof, multistep manufacturing processes therefor H01L28/40
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 23/49883 : the conductive materials containing organic materials or pastes, e.g. for thick films for printed circuits H05K1/092
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 23/5328 : containing conductive organic materials or pastes, e.g. conductive adhesives, inks
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/00 : Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/0002 : Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01L 2924/3011 : Impedance
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• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/0566 : Liquid materials
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• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/04 : Processes of manufacture in general
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• CPC Class Codes: H01M 4/8885 : Sintering or firing
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• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/1253 : the electrolyte containing zirconium oxide
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Abstract

Novel non-ionics and energy device materials made from non-stoichiometric nanomaterials and their applications are discussed. More specifically, the specifications teach the use of nanotechnology and nanostructured materials for developing novel energy related products.

Claims

1. A method of preparing a device comprising of the steps

providing a metal containing substance,

converting the metal containing substance into a non-stoichiometric non-equilibrium crystalline nanomaterial,

processing the non-stoichiometric non-equilibrium crystalline nanomaterial into a layer, and

preparing the device by providing to the surface of the non-stoichiometric non-equilibrium crystalline nanomaterial layer another layer of substance of a different composition.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the layer of substance of a different composition comprises a cermet.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanomaterial layer comprises perovskite.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanomaterial layer comprises NAFION®

.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanomaterial layer comprises LISICON™

.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanomaterial layer comprises NASICON™

.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a fuel cell.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises an oxygen sensor.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises an electrochemical device.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a battery.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanomaterial has a composition that comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of:

rare earth, yttrium, scandium, zirconium, lithium, barium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, zinc, copper, silver, tin, indium, gallium, silicon, boron, antimony and aluminum.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the device comprises a hydrogen storage device.