Method, system and apparatus for monitoring and adjusting the quality of indoor air

• US 6,711,470 B1
• Filed: 11/16/2000
• Issued: 03/23/2004
• Est. Priority Date: 11/16/2000
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Battelle Energy Alliance LLC (Battelle Memorial Institute)
• Original Assignee: Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC
• Inventors: Tremblay, Paul L., Fryer, Michael O., Hartenstein, Steven D., Hohorst, Frederick A.
• Primary Examiner(s): Picard, Leo
• Assistant Examiner(s): RODRIGUEZ, PAUL L
• Application Number:
  US09/717,180
• Time in Patent Office: 1,223 Days
• Field of Search: 700/266, 700/271, 700/276, 700/277, 700/299, 700/300, 702/23, 702/30, 702/31, 165/200, 165/201, 236/49.3, 454/229
• US Class Current: 700/276
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/30 for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 11/74 for controlling air flow rate or air velocity
• CPC Class Codes: F24F 2110/50 Air quality properties
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 30/70 Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating

Abstract

A system, method and apparatus is provided for monitoring and adjusting the quality of indoor air. A sensor array senses an air sample from the indoor air and analyzes the air sample to obtain signatures representative of contaminants in the air sample. When the level or type of contaminant poses a threat or hazard to the occupants, the present invention takes corrective actions which may include introducing additional fresh air. The corrective actions taken are intended to promote overall health of personnel, prevent personnel from being overexposed to hazardous contaminants and minimize the cost of operating the HVAC system. The identification of the contaminants is performed by comparing the signatures provided by the sensor array with a database of known signatures. Upon identification, the system takes corrective actions based on the level of contaminant present. The present invention is capable of learning the identity of previously unknown contaminants, which increases its ability to identify contaminants in the future. Indoor air quality is assured by monitoring the contaminants not only in the indoor air, but also in the outdoor air and the air which is to be recirculated. The present invention is easily adaptable to new and existing HVAC systems. In sum, the present invention is able to monitor and adjust the quality of indoor air in real time by sensing the level and type of contaminants present in indoor air, outdoor and recirculated air, providing an intelligent decision about the quality of the air, and minimizing the cost of operating an HVAC system.

Claims

1. An apparatus for monitoring and adjusting indoor air quality comprising:

sensing means for evaluating an air sample from a zone, wherein the sensing means outputs at least one signature representative of a separate contaminant in the air sample;

processor means for comparing the at least one signature with known signatures and identifying a known contaminant when the at least one signature corresponds to one of the known signatures and inferring a hazard of a known contaminant of a spatially near one of the known signatures on the separate contaminant of the air sample when the at least one signature fails to match one of the known signatures; and

control means for adjusting the indoor air quality, wherein the control means performs corrective actions based on the comparison of the at least one signature and the known signatures.

2. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the sensing means comprises at least one sensor.

3. An apparatus as in claim 2, wherein the at least one sensor comprises:

a carbon dioxide sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a hydrogen sulfide sensor, a sensor for sulfur dioxide, a sensor for nitrogen oxides, a sensor for volatile organic, a sensor for relative humidity, a sensor for pressure and a sensor for temperature.

4. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein each at least one signature is representative of a different contaminant in the air sample, wherein each at least one signature is formed from the response of the sensing means to each contaminant.

5. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the processor means identifies the separate contaminants in the air sample by mapping each at least one signature according to the response of the sensing means to each separate contaminant.

6. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the known signatures are stored in a database, and wherein the database comprises an EPROM module.

7. An apparatus as in claim 6, wherein the known signatures contained in the EPROM module are compressed.

8. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the corrective actions include removing or reducing the concentration of each separate contaminant from the indoor air.

9. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the corrective actions include selecting a different source for the outside air.

10. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the corrective actions include reducing an air flow rate.

11. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein a ratio of outside air to recirculated air is optimized.

12. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the exposure of the separate contaminant is minimized.

13. An apparatus as in claim 1, wherein the control means further comprises use of a LonWorks®

, LAN or WAN for remote applications.

14. An apparatus for monitoring and adjusting indoor air quality comprising:

a sensor array to evaluate at least one air sample taken from at least one zone, wherein the sensor array produces at least one array signature representative of each contaminant in each air sample;

a library containing at least one known array signature, wherein each known array signature is representative of a separate contaminant; and

an inference engine configured to compare the at least one array signature produced by the sensor array with the known array signatures contained in the library, wherein the inference engine identifies each separate contaminant in each air sample when the at least one array signature matches the at least one known array signature and infers hazards of a known array signature fail own contaminant of a spatially near one of the at least one known array signature when the at least one array signature fail to match the at least one known array signature.

15. An apparatus as in claim 14, further comprising control means for adjusting the indoor air quality in the at least one zone based on the comparison and the identification of each separate contaminant in each air sample.

16. An apparatus as in claim 15, wherein the inference engine issues corrective actions to adjust the quality of the indoor air, wherein the corrective actions are implemented by the control means.

17. An apparatus as in claim 16, wherein the corrective actions include removing or reducing a the concentration of each contaminant from the indoor air.

18. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the sensor array quantifies the amount of each contaminant present in each air sample.

19. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the sensor array comprises:

a carbon dioxide sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a hydrogen sulfide sensor, a sensor for sulfur dioxide, a sensor for nitrogen oxides, a sensor for volatile organic, a sensor for relative humidity, a sensor for pressure and a sensor for temperature.

20. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the library is a database stored on a computer readable medium.

21. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the computer readable medium is an EPROM module.

22. An apparatus as in claim 20, wherein the known array signatures are stored in a compressed format.

23. An apparatus as in claim 14, wherein adjustments to the indoor air quality are made based on the quantity of each contaminant in each air sample.

24. An apparatus for monitoring and adjusting indoor air quality comprising:

a sensor array to evaluate at least one air sample taken from at least one zone, wherein the sensor array produces at least one array signature representative of each contaminant in each air sample;

a library containing at least one known array signature, wherein each known array signature is representative of a separate contaminant; and

an inference engine configured to compare the at least one array signature produced by the sensor array with the known array signatures contained in the library, wherein the inference engine identifies each separate contaminant in each air sample, and wherein the adjustments to the indoor air quality are made based on the presence of an unknown contaminant that is inferred to be hazardous.

25. A system for monitoring and adjusting the indoor air of at least one zone comprising:

an air delivery system connected to the at least one zone;

at least one sensor array configured to sense and evaluate an air sample of each zone, wherein each sensor array produces at least one array signature representative of each air sample from each zone;

a library containing at least one known array signature, wherein each known array signature is representative of a separate contaminant; and

processor means for comparing the at least one array signature produced by the at least one sensor array with the at least one known array signature, wherein the processor means identifies each contaminant in each air sample from each zone when the at least one array signature matches one of the at least one known array signature and the processor means infers hazards of a spatially near one of the at least one known array signature when the at least one array signature fail to match one of the at least one known array signature.

26. A system as in claim 25, further comprising control means for adjusting an indoor quality in each zone based on the comparison and the identification of each contaminant in each air sample from each zone.

27. A system as in claim 25, wherein the at least one sensor array quantifies the amount of each contaminant present in each air sample.

28. A system as in claim 25, wherein the at least one sensor array comprises:

a carbon dioxide sensor, a carbon monoxide sensor, a hydrogen sulfide sensor, a sensor for sulfur dioxide, a sensor for nitrogen oxides, a sensor for volatile organic, a sensor for relative humidity, a sensor for pressure and a sensor for temperature.

29. A system as in claim 25, wherein the library is a database stored on a computer readable medium.

30. A system as in claim 29, wherein the computer readable medium is an EPROM module.

31. A system as in claim 29, wherein the known array signatures are stored in a compressed format.

32. A system as in claim 25, wherein the processor means comprises an inference engine which compares the at least one array signature with the database of at least one known array signatures and identifies each contaminant in each air sample.

33. A system as in claim 32, wherein the inference engine issues corrective actions which are implemented by the processor means.

34. A system as in claim 33, wherein the corrective actions include removing or reducing a concentration of each contaminant from the indoor air.

35. A system as in claim 25, wherein adjustments to the indoor air quality are made based on the quantity of each contaminant in each air sample.

36. A system as in claim 25, wherein the air delivery system comprises a heating, cooling and air conditioning system.

37. A method for monitoring and adjusting the quality of indoor air in at least one zone comprising the steps of:

obtaining sample air from each zone;

obtaining array signatures for each contaminant in the sample air using a sensor array;

comparing the array signatures with a library of known array signatures;

identifying each contaminant in the sample air from each zone based on the comparison when the array signatures matches known array signatures;

inferring hazards of a spatially near one of the known array signatures when the array signtures fail to match the known array signatures; and

adjusting the quality of indoor air for each zone.

38. The method of claim 37, further comprising the steps of:

obtaining array signatures for each contaminant in the sample air; and

comparing the array signatures with the library of known array signatures.

39. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the steps recited in claim 37.

40. A method for identifying each contaminant in an air sample obtained from a zone comprising the steps of:

sensing the air sample with a sensor array;

obtaining an array signature for each contaminant in the air sample;

comparing the array signature of each contaminant with a library containing identified array signatures of identified contaminants;

identifying each contaminant in the air sample based on the comparison when the array signature matches identified array signatures; and

inferring hazards of a spatially near one of the identified array signatures when the array signatures fail to match the identified array signatures.

41. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the steps recited in claim 40.