Electronic voting method for optically scanned ballot

• US 7,077,313 B2
• Filed: 04/10/2003
• Issued: 07/18/2006
• Est. Priority Date: 10/01/2001
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Avante International Technology
• Original Assignee: Avante International Technology
• Inventors: Chung, Kevin Kwong-Tai, Dong, Victor Jun, Shi, Xiaoming
• Primary Examiner(s): Frech, Karl D.
• Application Number:
  US10/410,824
• Publication Number:
  US 20030173404A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,195 Days
• Field of Search: 235/51, 235/50.R, 235/50.A, 235/50.B, 235/54.F, 235/386, 235/454, 705/12
• US Class Current: 235/386
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 17/0032 Apparatus for automatic testing and analysing marked record carriers, used for examinations of the multiple choice answer type teaching apparatus working with questions and answers G09B7/00
• CPC Class Codes: G06K 7/10346 the antenna being of the far field type, e.g. HF types or dipoles
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 10/10 Office automation; Time management
• CPC Class Codes: G07C 13/00 Voting apparatus
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/1221 onto a wall
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/22 by structural association with other equipment or articles
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 1/2208 associated with components used in interrogation type services, i.e. in systems for information exchange between an interrogator/reader and a tag/transponder, e.g. in Radio Frequency Identification [RFID] systems methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns G06K7/00; record carrier for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings G06K19/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 21/28 Combinations of substantially independent non-interacting antenna units or systems multiple beam H01Q25/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01Q 7/00 Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 63/0861 using biometrical features, e.g. fingerprint, retina-scan cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for entity authentication using biological data H04L9/3231
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 63/12 Applying verification of the received information cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for data integrity or data verification H04L9/32

Abstract

A method for reading ballots comprises reading/imaging each ballot transported on a transport path including reading/imaging orientation indicia and a jurisdiction identifier thereof and voting selections marked thereon; determining from the orientation indicia the orientation of each ballot; processing the jurisdiction identifier for each ballot for selecting a template; and recording the voting selections marked on each ballot in accordance with the selected template and the determined orientation of the ballot.

Claims

1. A machine readable ballot comprising:

a ballot sheet having an identifier region thereon wherein an identifier includes at least a representation of jurisdiction information, said ballot sheet having two or more fiducial marks thereon for defining the orientation and the scale of the ballot sheet, said ballot sheet also having a plurality of contest regions thereon, each contest region having two or more mark spaces therein for making voting selections, wherein one of the mark spaces in a contest region represents an abstention selection;

wherein the contest regions correspond to contests in the jurisdiction represented by the jurisdiction information, and wherein the representation of jurisdiction information and the mark spaces are machine readable.

2. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein the identifier includes one or more of a bar code, a two-dimensional bar code, a prescribed font, optical character recognition (OCR) characters, alphanumeric characters, non-alphanumeric characters, and symbols.

3. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein machine readable includes optically readable, and wherein the representation of jurisdiction information and the mark spaces are optically readable.

4. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein the jurisdiction information of the identifier identifies a template corresponding to the two or more mark spaces for making voting selections in each of the plurality of contest regions.

5. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein the jurisdiction information relates to any two or more of a country, a state, a county, a city, a town, a municipality, a voting precinct, a voting district, a voting ward, a polling location, and a political party.

6. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein the mark space representing an abstention selection includes a mark space for one or more of a “

no vote,”

an “

abstain,” and

a “

skip contest”

selection.

7. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein the identifier further includes a unique ballot identifier, and wherein the jurisdiction information and the unique ballot identifier are not related to the identity of any individual voter.

8. The machine readable ballot of claim 7 wherein the jurisdiction information and the unique ballot identifier are represented by characters that are machine readable and are human readable.

9. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein a plurality of mark spaces are provided for each voting selection of at least one contest, wherein the plurality of mark spaces for each voting selection are for one or more of cumulative voting, ranked voting, and instant run-off voting.

10. The machine-readable ballot of claim 1:

wherein said two or more fiducial marks include at least two orientation indicia spaced apart by a predetermined distance for defining a dimension of said ballot sheet;

or

wherein said two or more fiducial marks include one or more of cross-hair lines, cross-hair lines in a circle, targets, bulls-eye shapes, bullets, “

”

marks, “

X”

marks, boxes, any of the foregoing with one or more black, darkened or contrasting adjacent sections, and any combination thereof;

or

wherein said two or more fiducial marks include at least two orientation indicia spaced apart by a predetermined distance for defining a dimension of said ballot sheet and include one or more of cross-hair lines, cross-hair lines in a circle, targets, bulls-eye shapes, bullets, “

”

marks, “

X”

marks, boxes, any of the foregoing with one or more black, darkened or contrasting adjacent sections, and any combination thereof.

11. The machine-readable ballot of claim 1 wherein said machine-readable ballot comprises a plurality of ballot sheets, each ballot sheet having a machine-readable indicia representative of the page number thereof.

12. The machine readable ballot of claim 1 wherein said ballot sheet includes one or more of paper, heavy paper, card stock, cardboard and plastic.

13. A method for reading paper ballots comprising:

(a) imaging each of a plurality of paper ballots transported along a transport path of an image document scanner to provide a ballot image in a pixelated or bitmapped format for each ballot;

(b) selecting a template for decoding voting selections marked on each paper ballot responsive to the pixelated or bitmapped format ballot image of each paper ballot;

(c) decoding from the pixelated or bitmapped format ballot image of each paper ballot the voting selections marked on each paper ballot in accordance with the selected template; and

(d) tabulating the decoded voting selections decoded from each of the paper ballots consistent with the selected template;

whereby the voting selections marked on each paper ballot are decoded and tabulated in accordance with a selected template.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein each paper ballot has a jurisdiction identifier, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to the jurisdiction identifier prior to said imaging, said method further comprising:

decoding the jurisdiction identifier of each paper ballot from the image thereof; and

selecting responsive to the decoded jurisdiction identifier the template for decoding the voting selections marked on each paper ballot.

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the jurisdiction identifier includes one or more of a bar code, a two-dimensional bar code, a prescribed font, optical character recognition (OCR) characters, alphanumeric characters, non-alphanumeric characters, and symbols.

16. The method of claim 13 wherein each paper ballot has orientation indicia and may be in an orientation different from other ones of the paper ballots, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to orientation prior to said transporting, said method further comprising:

determining from the orientation indicia the orientation of each paper ballot;

said decoding from the image of each paper ballot the voting selections marked on each paper ballot in accordance with the selected template comprising decoding consistent with the determined orientation of each paper ballot the voting selections marked on each paper ballot in accordance with the selected template.

17. The method of claim 16:

wherein the orientation indicia include at least two orientation indicia spaced apart by a predetermined distance for defining a dimension of the paper ballot;

or

wherein the orientation indicia include one or more of cross-hair lines, cross-hair lines in a circle, targets, bulls-eye shapes, bullets, “

”

marks, “

X”

marks, boxes, any of the foregoing with one or more black, darkened or contrasting adjacent sections, and any combination thereof;

or

wherein the orientation indicia include at least two orientation indicia spaced apart by a predetermined distance for defining a dimension of the paper ballot and include one or more of cross-hair lines, cross-hair lines in a circle, targets, bulls-eye shapes, bullets, “

”

marks, “

X”

marks, boxes, any of the foregoing with one or more black, darkened or contrasting adjacent sections, and any combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 13 wherein the document image scanner includes one or more of a copier, a scanner, a facsimile machine, a commercial imaging device and a commercial scanning device.

19. The method of claim 13 wherein each paper ballot has a plurality of mark spaces in which voting selections may be made, further comprising:

determining from the image of each paper ballot and the selected template whether the mark spaces of each paper ballot correspond to mark spaces of the selected template,

if the mark spaces correspond, then performing said decoding voting selections and said tabulating the decoded voting selections for that paper ballot; and

if the mark spaces do not correspond, then rejecting the ballot and not performing said decoding voting selections and said tabulating the decoded voting selections for that paper ballot.

20. The method of claim 13 wherein each paper ballot has a plurality of mark spaces in which voting selections may be marked and wherein said decoding the voting selections marked on each paper ballot comprises:

determining a reference value representative of a mark space on each paper ballot that is not marked as a voting selection;

determining a marked value representative of each mark space on each paper ballot; and

comparing the reference value and the marked value for determining whether a mark space is marked as a voting selection.

21. The method of claim 13 wherein ones of the plurality of paper ballots are each enclosed in a ballot envelope having a machine-readable ballot identifier and voter information including a signature thereon, said method further comprising, prior to performing the steps (a) through (d):

imaging each of the ballot envelopes transported along a transport path of an office image document scanner to provide a ballot envelope image in a pixelated or bitmapped format for each ballot envelope;

decoding the ballot identifier marked on each ballot envelope responsive to the pixelated or bitmapped format ballot envelope image thereof;

displaying the decoded ballot identifier and voter signature for determining whether the ballot identifier and signature represent a valid ballot; and

if the ballot is determined to be valid, removing the paper ballot from the ballot envelope and performing the steps (a) through (d) thereon.

22. The method of claim 13 further comprising prior to said tabulating step:

determining from the decoded voting selections whether each paper ballot contains an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, a write-in voting selection, or a combination thereof;

separating each paper ballot determined to contain an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, a write-in voting selection, or a combination thereof from other paper ballots not determined to contain an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, or a write-in voting selection; and

then;

performing said tabulating step for the other paper ballots not determined to contain an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, or a write-in voting selection; and

separately processing each separated paper ballot determined to contain an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, a write-in voting selection, or a combination thereof.

23. A method for optically reading paper ballots having a jurisdiction identifier and fiducial marks thereon and having voting selections marked thereon, said method comprising:

(a) transporting paper ballots along a transport path;

(b) determining from the fiducial marks the orientation of each paper ballot;

(c) reading consistent with the determined orientation of each paper ballot the jurisdiction identifier of each paper ballot transported along the transport path;

(d) selecting a template responsive to the read jurisdiction identifier and determined orientation of each paper ballot for reading the voting selections marked thereon; and

(e) reading in accordance with the selected template and consistent with the determined orientation of each paper ballot the voting selections marked on each paper ballot transported along the transport path,

whereby the voting selections marked on each paper ballot are read in accordance with a selected template corresponding to the jurisdiction identifier for that paper ballot irrespective of the orientation of the paper ballot.

24. The method of claim 23:

wherein the paper ballots have different jurisdiction identifiers, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to the jurisdiction identifier prior to said transporting;

or

wherein the paper ballots may have different orientations, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to orientation prior to said transporting, or

wherein the paper ballots have different jurisdiction identifiers and may have different orientations, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to the jurisdiction identifier or to orientation prior to said transporting.

25. The method of claim 23 wherein said selecting and said reading the voting selections marked on each paper ballot are performed substantially contemporaneously with said transporting of the paper ballots.

26. The method of claim 23 further comprising:

comparing the voting selections read from each paper ballot to the selected template for providing an indication of an under vote, an over vote or both of each paper ballot;

or

tabulating the voting selections read from each of the paper ballots;

or

comparing the voting selections read from each ballot to the selected template for providing an indication of an under vote, an over vote or both of each paper ballot, and tabulating the voting selections read from each of the paper ballots.

27. The method of claim 26 wherein said tabulating the voting selections read from each of the paper ballots includes tabulating the voting selections according to a jurisdiction represented by each jurisdiction identifier.

28. The method of claim 23 wherein the paper ballots each have a corresponding unique ballot identifier, and wherein said reading the jurisdiction identifier includes reading the corresponding unique ballot identifier.

29. The method of claim 28 further comprising:

storing a representation of the voting selections marked on each paper ballot and the unique ballot identifier associated therewith;

or

publishing the voting selections read from each paper ballot and the corresponding jurisdiction identifier and unique ballot identifier of that paper ballot;

or

storing a representation of the voting selections marked on each paper ballot and the unique ballot identifier associated therewith and publishing the voting selections read from each paper ballot and the corresponding jurisdiction identifier and unique ballot identifier of that paper ballot.

30. The method of claim 23 wherein each paper ballot has a plurality of mark spaces in which voting selections may be marked and wherein said reading the voting selections marked on each paper ballot comprises:

determining a reference value representative of a mark space on each paper ballot that is not marked as a voting selection;

determining a marked value representative of each mark space on each paper ballot; and

comparing the reference value and the marked value for determining whether a mark space is marked as a voting selection.

31. The method of claim 23 wherein ones of the paper ballots are each enclosed in a ballot envelope having a machine-readable ballot identifier and voter information including a signature thereon, said method further comprising, prior to performing the steps (a) through (e):

reading the ballot identifier and signature marked on each ballot envelope;

displaying the read ballot identifier and signature for determining whether the ballot identifier and signature represent a valid ballot; and

if the ballot is determined to be valid, removing the paper ballot from the ballot envelope and then performing the steps (a) through (e) thereon.

32. The method of claim 23 further comprising:

determining from the voting selections read from each paper ballot whether each paper ballot contains any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

separating each paper ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection from other paper ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

tabulating the voting selections read from the other paper ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection; and

separately processing each separated paper ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection.

33. A method for reading paper ballots having a jurisdiction identifier and fiducial marks thereon and having voting selections marked thereon, said method comprising:

(a) transporting paper ballots along a transport path;

(b) imaging each paper ballot transported along the transport path;

(c) determining from the fiducial marks the orientation of each paper ballot;

(d) decoding consistent with the determined orientation of each paper ballot the jurisdiction identifier of the image of each paper ballot;

(e) selecting responsive to the decoded jurisdiction identifier a template for decoding the voting selections marked on each paper ballot; and

(f) decoding consistent with the determined orientation of each paper ballot the voting selections marked on each paper ballot in accordance with the selected template,

whereby the voting selections marked on each paper ballot are decoded in accordance with a template corresponding to the jurisdiction identifier for that paper ballot irrespective of the orientation of the paper ballot.

34. The method of claim 33:

wherein the paper ballots have different jurisdiction identifiers, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to the jurisdiction identifier prior to said transporting;

or

wherein the paper ballots may have different orientations, and wherein the paper ballots are not sorted according to orientation prior to said transporting;

or

wherein the paper ballots have different jurisdiction identifiers and are not sorted according to the jurisdiction identifier prior to said transporting, and wherein the paper ballots may have different orientations and are not sorted according to orientation prior to said transporting.

35. The method of claim 33 wherein said selecting and said decoding the voting selections marked on each paper ballot are performed substantially contemporaneously with said transporting of the paper ballots.

36. The method of claim 33 further comprising:

comparing the voting selections decoded from each ballot to the selected template for providing an indication of an under vote, an over vote or both of each paper ballot;

or

tabulating the voting selections decoded from each of the paper ballots;

or

comparing the voting selections decoded from each ballot to the selected template for providing an indication of an under vote, an over vote or both of each paper ballot, and tabulating the voting selections decoded from each of the paper ballots.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein said tabulating the voting selections decoded from each of the paper ballots includes tabulating the voting selections according to a jurisdiction represented by each jurisdiction identifier.

38. The method of claim 33 wherein the paper ballots each have a corresponding unique ballot identifier, and wherein said decoding the jurisdiction identifier includes decoding the corresponding unique ballot identifier.

39. The method of claim 38 further comprising:

storing a representation of the voting selections marked on each paper ballot and the unique ballot identifier associated therewith;

or

publishing the voting selections decoded from each paper ballot and the corresponding jurisdiction identifier and unique ballot identifier decoded from that paper ballot;

or

storing a representation of the voting selections marked on each paper ballot and the unique ballot identifier associated therewith and publishing the voting selections decoded from each paper ballot and the corresponding jurisdiction identifier and unique ballot identifier decoded from that paper ballot.

40. The method of claim 33 wherein each paper ballot has a plurality of mark spaces in which voting selections may be marked and wherein said decoding the voting selections marked on each paper ballot comprises:

determining a reference value representative of a mark space on each paper ballot that is not marked as a voting selection;

determining a marked value representative of each mark space on each paper ballot; and

comparing the reference value and the marked value for determining whether a mark space is marked as a voting selection.

41. The method of claim 33 wherein ones of the paper ballots are each enclosed in a ballot envelope having a machine-readable ballot identifier and voter information including a signature thereon, said method further comprising, prior to performing the steps (a) through (f):

decoding the ballot identifier and signature marked on each ballot envelope;

displaying the decoded ballot identifier and signature for determining whether the ballot identifier and signature represent a valid ballot; and

if the ballot is determined to be valid, removing the paper ballot from the ballot envelope and then performing the steps (a) through (f) thereon.

42. The method of claim 33 further comprising:

determining from the voting selections decoded from each paper ballot whether each paper ballot contains any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

separating each paper ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection from other paper ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

tabulating the voting selections read from the other paper ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection; and

separately processing each separated paper ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection.

43. A method for reading ballots comprising:

(a) transporting the ballots on a reader transport path;

(b) reading each ballot transported on said transport path including reading fiducial marks and a jurisdiction identifier thereof and voting selections marked thereon;

(c) determining from the fiducial marks the orientation of each ballot;

(d) processing the jurisdiction identifier for each ballot for selecting a template; and

(e) recording the voting selections marked on each ballot in accordance with the selected template and the determined orientation of the ballot,

whereby the voting selections marked on each ballot are read and recorded in accordance with a template corresponding to the jurisdiction identifier for that ballot.

44. The method of claim 43 wherein each paper ballot has a plurality of mark spaces in which voting selections may be marked and wherein said recording the voting selections marked on each paper ballot comprises:

determining a reference value representative of a mark space on each paper ballot that is not marked as a voting selection;

determining a marked value representative of each mark space on each paper ballot; and

comparing the reference value and the marked value for determining whether a mark space is marked as a voting selection.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein ones of the ballots are each enclosed in a ballot envelope having a machine-readable ballot identifier and voter information including a signature thereon, said method further comprising, prior to performing the steps (a) through (e):

reading the ballot identifier and signature marked on each ballot envelope;

displaying the read ballot identifier and signature for determining whether the ballot identifier and signature represent a valid ballot; and

if the ballot is determined to be valid, removing the ballot from the ballot envelope and then performing the steps (a) through (e) thereon.

46. The method of claim 43 further comprising:

determining from the voting selections read from each ballot whether each ballot contains any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

separating each ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection from other ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection;

tabulating the voting selections read from the other ballots not determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection; and

separately processing each separated ballot determined to contain any one or more of an undervote, an overvote, a missing voting selection, and a write-in voting selection.

47. A method for reading a ballot having one or more contest regions and a plurality of mark spaces thereon in which voting selections may be marked for one or more contests, each mark space being defined by an outline thereof the method comprising:

imaging the ballot having one or more contest regions and a plurality of mark spaces thereon wherein the image of the ballot includes all of the mark spaces for the contest regions thereon and is in a pixelated or bitmapped format including a plurality of pixels;

defining for each ballot the one or more contest regions each containing a plurality of reading regions each including the outline of one mark space;

processing the image of the ballot for decoding from the image of the ballot the defined one or more contest regions and for decoding from the image of the ballot the plurality of reading regions including the outline of one mark space thereof; and

for each decoded contest region;

counting the number of light pixels and dark pixels for each reading region;

determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region whether the mark space therein is an unmarked outline or is marked as a voting selection; and

counting each determined marked voting selection.

48. The method of claim 47 wherein said determining comprises:

determining the difference between a number of dark pixels representative of the outline of a mark space and a total number of pixels for a reading region, and

determining whether the counted number of dark pixels for that reading region exceeds a predetermined portion of the difference between the number of dark pixels representative of the outline of a mark space and the total number of pixels for that reading region.

49. The method of claim 47 wherein two or more of the mark spaces are associated with a contest, each contest having a given number of voting selections that may be made therein, the method comprising:

counting the number of mark spaces for the contest that are determined from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region to be marked as a voting selection;

comparing the number of voting selections marked to the given number of voting selections; and

if the number of voting selections marked equals the given number, then performing said counting each determined voting selection,

if the number of voting selections marked is less than the given number, then providing an indication of an under vote, and

if the number of voting selections marked exceeds the given number, then providing an indication of an over vote and not performing said counting each determined voting selection.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein an indication of an under vote or an over vote or both is provided, further comprising providing at least an image including any under voted voting selection, any over voted voting selection or any under voted voting selection and any over voted voting selection for separate processing.

51. The method of claim 47 wherein two or more of the mark spaces and a write-in voting selection space are associated with a contest, the method comprising:

determining whether a write-in selection space has been marked; and

if a write in voting selection space has been marked, providing at least an image including the write-in voting selection for separate processing.

52. The method of claim 51 wherein the separate processing comprises:

storing the images of write-in voting selections; and

displaying the stored image of a write-in voting selection, accumulated stored images of a plurality of write-in voting selections or both.

53. The method of claim 51 wherein the separate processing comprises:

determining the characters of the write-in voting selection by optical character recognition; and

displaying the determined characters of the write-in voting selection, an image of a write-in voting selection or both.

54. The method of claim 51 wherein each contest has a given number of voting selections that may be made therein, the method comprising:

counting the number of voting selections made for the contest including mark spaces and write-in voting selection spaces that are determined to be marked as a voting selection;

comparing the number of voting selections marked to the given number of voting selections; and

if the number of voting selections marked equals the given number, then said counting each determined voting selection,

if the number of voting selections marked is less than the given number, then providing an indication of an under vote, and

if the number of voting selections marked exceeds the given number, then providing an indication of an over vote and not performing said counting each determined voting selection.

55. The method of claim 47 wherein said determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region whether the mark space therein is marked as a voting selection comprises:

(a) comparing the relative numbers of light and dark pixels to a first predetermined value to determine whether the mark space is marked as a voting selection;

the method further comprising;

(b) comparing the relative numbers of light and dark pixels to a second predetermined value that is higher or lower than the first predetermined value to determine whether the mark space is marked as a voting selection; and

(c) providing an indication of the difference, if any, in the determinations of step (a) and step (b).

56. The method of claim 55 wherein each ballot has a corresponding unique ballot identifier, and wherein said providing an indication includes providing the unique ballot identifier.

57. The method of claim 47 further comprising, prior to said counting each determined marked voting selection, determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region whether at least the outlines of all mark spaces are present in the image of the ballot.

58. The method of claim 57 further comprising separating the ballot for separate processing if at least the outlines of all mark spaces are not present in the image of the ballot.

59. The method of claim 47 wherein each ballot has a ballot identifier thereon or has two or more fiducial marks thereon or has a ballot identifier and two or more fiducial marks thereon, further comprising, prior to said counting each determined marked voting selection:

defining for each ballot one or more second reading regions each including one or more of the ballot identifier and fiducial marks;

counting the number of light pixels and dark pixels for each second reading region;

determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region and for each second reading region whether at least the outlines of all mark spaces and all of the ballot identifier and fiducial marks are present in the image of the ballot.

60. The method of claim 59 further comprising separating the ballot for separate processing if at least the outlines of all mark spaces are not present in the image of the ballot or if all of the ballot identifier and the fiducial marks are not present in the image of the ballot.

61. A method for reading a ballot having a plurality of mark spaces thereon in which voting selections may be marked, the method comprising:

defining first and second predetermined values related to counts of light pixels and dark pixels for a mark space being considered marked as a voting selection, wherein the second predetermined value is greater than or less than the first predetermined value;

imaging the ballot having a plurality of mark spaces thereon wherein the image is in a format including a plurality of pixels;

defining for each ballot a plurality of reading regions each including the outline of one mark space;

counting the number of light pixels and dark pixels for each reading region;

determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region and the first predetermined value whether the mark space therein is marked as a voting selection;

determining from the counts of light and dark pixels for each reading region and the second predetermined value whether the mark space therein is marked as a voting selection;

identifying each ballot wherein the determination of a marked voting selection based on the first predetermined value differs from the determination of a marked voting selection based on the second predetermined value.

62. A method for reading ballots comprising:

transporting the ballots on a reader transport path wherein the reader is located at a place accessible to a voter before the voter submits the ballot;

reading each ballot transported on said transport path including reading fiducial marks and a jurisdiction identifier thereof for selecting a template and reading voting selections marked on the ballot;

displaying the voting selections marked on each ballot in accordance with the selected template, but not recording or storing the voting selections; and

thereafter, submitting the ballot for counting,

whereby the voting selections marked on the ballot are read and displayed in accordance with the template for review by a voter prior to submitting the ballot for counting.

63. A method for reading a ballot having one or more contest regions and a plurality of mark spaces thereon in which voting selections may be marked for one or more contests, each mark space being defined by an outline thereof and having a machine-readable ballot identifier or fiducial marks or both a machine-readable ballot identifier and fiducial marks thereon, the method comprising:

imaging the ballot having one or more contest regions wherein the image of the ballot includes all of the mark spaces thereon for the contest regions thereon and is in a pixelated or bitmapped format including a plurality of pixels;

defining for each ballot a plurality of first reading regions each including the outline of one mark space and one or more second reading regions each including one of the ballot identifier or a fiducial mark;

processing the image of the ballot for decoding from the image of the ballot the plurality of first reading regions including the outline of one mark space;

counting at least the number of dark pixels for each of the first and second reading regions;

determining from the counts of dark pixels for each of the first and second reading regions whether at least the outlines of all mark spaces are present in the image of the ballot and whether the ballot identifier or fiducial marks or both are present in the image of the ballot; and

if the outlines of all mark spaces and all of the ballot identifier or fiducial marks or both are present in the image of the ballot, then counting each determined marked voting selection.

64. A method for reading a ballot having one or more contest regions and a plurality of mark spaces thereon in which voting selections may be marked for one or more contests, each mark space being defined by an outline thereof, the method comprising:

imaging a ballot having one or more contest regions wherein the image of that ballot includes all of the mark spaces thereon for the contest regions thereon and is in a pixelated or bitmapped format including a plurality of pixels;

defining for that ballot a plurality of reading regions each including the outline of one mark space, whereby the number of mark spaces that should be on that ballot is defined;

processing the image of that ballot for decoding from the image of that ballot the plurality of reading regions including the outline of one mark space;

counting at least the number of dark pixels for each of the reading regions;

determining from the counts of dark pixels for each of the reading regions whether at least the outlines of all mark spaces that should be on that ballot are in the image of that ballot; and

if the outlines of all mark spaces that should be on that ballot are in the image of that ballot, then processing the image of that ballot for counting each mark space determined from the count of dark pixels to be a marked voting selection,

whereby the ballot is counted only if all of the mark spaces that should be on the ballot are determined to be in the image of that ballot.

65. The method of claim 64 further comprising, if the outlines of all mark spaces for all of the contest regions that should be on that ballot are not in the image of that ballot, then separating that ballot for separate processing.

66. A method for reading a ballot having one or more contest regions and a plurality of mark spaces thereon in which voting selections may be marked for one or more contests, each mark space being defined by an outline thereof, and having a machine-readable ballot identifier and optionally having fiducial marks thereon, the method comprising:

imaging a ballot wherein the image of that ballot includes all of the mark spaces thereon for the contest regions that are on that ballot as imaged, and wherein the image of the ballot is in a pixelated or bitmapped format including a plurality of pixels;

processing the image of that ballot for decoding from the image of that ballot the ballot identifier thereon;

defining for that ballot a plurality of first reading regions each including the outline of one mark space and one or more second reading regions including a fiducial marks, if any, whereby the number of mark spaces that should be on the ballot and the number of fiducial marks, if any, that should be on that ballot are defined;

processing the image of that ballot for decoding from the image of that ballot the plurality of first reading regions thereon including the outline of the one mark space thereof and for decoding from the image of that ballot the fiducial marks, if any, thereon;

counting at least the number of dark pixels for each of the first and second reading regions;

determining from the counts of dark pixels for each of the first and second reading regions whether at least the outlines of all mark spaces for all contest regions that should be on that ballot are in the image of that ballot and whether the fiducial marks, if any, that should be on that ballot are in the image of that ballot;

if the outlines of all mark spaces for all of the contest regions are in the image of that ballot, and if the fiducial marks, if any, that should be on that ballot are in the image of that ballot, then counting each determined marked voting selection for that ballot,

whereby the ballot is counted only if all of the mark spaces that should be on that ballot are determined to be in the image of that ballot.

67. The method of claim 66 further comprising, if the outlines of all mark spaces for all of the contest regions are not in the image of that ballot, or if the fiducial marks, if any, are not in the image of that ballot, then separating that ballot for separate processing.