Digital watermarks for checking authenticity of printed objects

• US 7,246,239 B2
• Filed: 08/23/2001
• Issued: 07/17/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 01/24/2001
• Status: Expired due to Term

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Rhoads, Geoffrey B., Brunk, Hugh L., Rodriguez, Tony F., Haynes, Mark E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Zand; Kambiz
• Assistant Examiner(s): BROWN, CHRISTOPHER J
• Application Number:
  US09/938,870
• Publication Number:
  US 20020099943A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,154 Days
• Field of Search: 713/176, 358/3.06, 358/3.09, 358/3.28, 382/287
• US Class Current: 713/176
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0021 Image watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0065 Extraction of an embedded watermark; Reliable detection
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 17/004 for digital television systems
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/4425 Monitoring of client processing errors or hardware failure
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/8358 involving watermark protecting executable software by watermarking G06F21/16; image watermarking in general G06T1/0021; watermarks inserted in still images for transmission purposes H04N1/32144; inserting watermarks during video coding H04N19/467

Abstract

The invention provides methods for embedding digital watermarks for authentication of printed objects, and corresponding methods for authenticating these objects. One aspect of the invention is a method of embedding a digital watermark in a digital image to be printed on an object. The method embeds an auxiliary signal in the digital image so that the auxiliary signal is substantially imperceptible, yet machine readable. It converts the image to a halftone image using an inherently unstable halftone screen structure that is likely to cause ink flow errors when reproduced. The errors introduced by reproducing the unstable halftone screen structure incorrectly are automatically detectable by reading the auxiliary signal.

Claims

1. A method of embedding a digital watermark in a digital image to be printed on an object comprising:

embedding an auxiliary signal in the digital image so that the auxiliary signal is substantially imperceptible, yet machine readable;

converting the image to a halftone image using an inherently unstable halftone screen structure that is likely to cause ink flow errors when reproduced, wherein errors introduced by reproducing the unstable halftone screen structure incorrectly are automatically detectable by reading the auxiliary signal.

2. The method of claim 1 including spread spectrum modulating a carrier signal with message to form the auxiliary signal.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the message includes information used to determine the type of halftone screen used to create the halftone image.

4. A computer readable medium on which is stored software for performing the method of claim 1.

5. A printed object carrying a halftone image created by the method of claim 1.

6. A method of authenticating a printed object comprising:

receiving a digital image scanned of the printed object;

detecting a digital watermark in the digital image;

using a measurement of strength of the digital watermark to detect reproduction errors due to inaccurate reproduction of unstable halftone screen structures in the printed object.

7. The method of claim 6 including:

using the digital watermark to align the digital image geometrically before computing the measurement of strength.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the measurement of strength is computed by evaluating message symbol errors in a message signal carried in the digital watermark.

9. The method of claim 6 wherein the measurement of strength is computed by computing a ratio of watermark signal strengths of first and second watermark signals embedded in the digital image.

10. The method of claim 6 wherein the digital watermark carries a payload indicating a halftone screen type used to print the printed object, and the halftone screen type is used to analyze the digital image to determine whether the digital image represents an authentic printed object.

11. A computer readable medium on which is stored software for performing the method of claim 10.

12. A method of authenticating a printed object comprising:

detecting a first digital watermark from image data captured from a substrate of the printed object, the substrate having a varying structure that causes optical variations that convey the first digital watermark in the image data captured from the substrate;

detecting a second digital watermark from the image data captured from the printed object; and

using the relationship between the first and second digital watermarks to determine authenticity of the printed object;

wherein the first digital watermark is embedded in the surface micro-topology of the printed object by varying the surface micro-topology according to the first digital watermark signal.

13. A method of authenticating a printed object comprising:

detecting a first digital watermark from image data captured from a substrate of the printed object, the substrate having a varying structure that causes optical variations that convey the first digital watermark in the image data captured from the substrate;

detecting a second digital watermark from the image data captured from the printed object; and

using the relationship between the first and second digital watermarks to determine authenticity of the printed object;

wherein the first digital watermark is embedded in an invisible ink on the printed object.

14. A method of authenticating a printed object comprising:

detecting a first digital watermark from image data captured from a substrate of the printed object, the substrate having a varying structure that causes optical variations that convey the first digital watermark in the image data captured from the substrate;

detecting a second digital watermark from the image data captured from the printed object; and

using the relationship between the first and second digital watermarks to determine authenticity of the printed object;

wherein the first digital watermark is used to geometrically align image data scanned from the printed object, and the second digital watermark is detected from the aligned image data.

15. A computer readable medium on which is stored software for performing the method of claim 14.

16. A method of authenticating a printed object comprising:

detecting a visible fiducial in an image scanned from the printed object;

detecting a location of a digital watermark hidden in the printed object;

determining authenticity of the printed object by comparing the location of the digital watermark to the visible fiducial.