Method and system for vagal nerve stimulation with multi-site cardiac pacing

• US 7,269,457 B2
• Filed: 12/16/2003
• Issued: 09/11/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/1996
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Original Assignee: Medtronic Incorporated (Medtronic Plc)
• Inventors: Keogh, James R., LaPorte, Steve R., Shafer, Lisa L., Bonner, Matthew D., Hill, Michael R. S.
• Primary Examiner(s): Layno; Carl
• Application Number:
  US10/737,493
• Publication Number:
  US 20040172075A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,365 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 607/9
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36114 Cardiac control, e.g. by vagal stimulation stimulating the heart A61N1/362
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/3627 for treating a mechanical deficiency of the heart, e.g. congestive heart failure or cardiomyopathy
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/36514 controlled by a physiological quantity other than heart potential, e.g. blood pressure controlled by two or more physical parameters A61N1/36585
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/385 Devices for inducing an abnormal cardiac function, e.g. fibrillation
• CPC Class Codes: A61N 1/3956 Implantable devices for applying electric shocks to the heart, e.g. for cardioversion

Abstract

A method of performing a medical procedure is provided. The medical procedure includes stimulation of a patient'"'"'s heart while stimulating a nerve of the patient in order to modulate the patient'"'"'s inflammatory process. More particularly, the medical procedure includes pacing the ventricles of the patient'"'"'s heart while stimulating the vagal nerve of the patient. Systems and devices for performing the medical procedure are also provided.

Claims

1. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first stimulation electrode is positioned through a percutaneous incision;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode is coordinated with steps of providing stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes.

3. The method of claim 2 further comprising stimulating the nerve while stimulating the first and second portions of cardiac tissue.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first portion of cardiac tissue is at least a portion of a heart chamber.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein the heart chamber is a ventricle.

6. The method of claim 4 wherein the heart chamber is an atrium.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a torso of a patient.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a leg of a patient.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in an arm of a patient.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a neck of a patient.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first position is an endocardial position.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein the third position is a subcutaneous position.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein a cardiac stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the cardiac stimulator is an implantable cardiac stimulator.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein a nerve stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the nerve stimulator is an implantable nerve stimulator.

17. The method of claim 1 further comprising a sensor to detect a cardiac event.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein a cardiac stimulator in communication with the sensor provides the stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes.

19. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve, wherein the step of providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode is coordinated with steps of providing stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes, and wherein the nerve is stimulated while stopping stimulation of the first and second portions of cardiac tissue.

20. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve, wherein the step of providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode is coordinated with steps of providing stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes, and wherein the first and second portions of cardiac tissue are stimulated while stopping stimulation of the nerve.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein the nerve is a vagal nerve.

22. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue;

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve; and

delivering at least one drug during the medical procedure.

23. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first stimulation electrode is positioned through a thoracotomy;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

24. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first stimulation electrode is positioned through a sternotomy;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

25. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first position is an epicardial position;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

26. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first position is a myocardial position;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

27. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first position is a venous position;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

28. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the first position is an arterial position;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

29. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second stimulation electrode is positioned through a thoracotomy;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

30. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second stimulation electrode is positioned through a sternotomy;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

31. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second stimulation electrode is positioned through a percutaneous incision;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

32. The method of claim 31 wherein the second portion of cardiac tissue is at least a portion of a heart chamber.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein the heart chamber is a ventricle.

34. The method of claim 32 wherein the heart chamber is an atrium.

35. The method of claim 31 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a torso of a patient.

36. The method of claim 31 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a leg of a patient.

37. The method of claim 31 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in an arm of a patient.

38. The method of claim 31 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a neck of a patient.

39. The method of claim 31 wherein the second position is an endocardial position.

40. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second position is an epicardial position;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

41. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second position is a myocardial position;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

42. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second position is a venous position;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

43. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue, wherein the second position is an arterial position;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

44. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third stimulation electrode is positioned through a thoracotomy;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

45. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third stimulation electrode is positioned through a sternotomy;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

46. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third stimulation electrode is positioned through a percutaneous incision;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

47. The method of claim 46 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a torso of a patient.

48. The method of claim 46 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a leg of a patient.

49. The method of claim 46 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in an arm of a patient.

50. The method of claim 46 wherein the percutaneous incision is made in a neck of a patient.

51. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third position is a venous position;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

52. 1he A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third position is an arterial position;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

53. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third position is an esophageal position;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

54. The A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third position is a tracheal position;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

55. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve, wherein the third position is a cutaneous position;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

56. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue, wherein a cardiac stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes and wherein the cardiac stimulator is an external cardiac stimulator; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve.

57. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve, wherein a nerve stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode and wherein the nerve stimulator is an external nerve stimulator.

58. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

positioning a first stimulation electrode in a first position to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a second stimulation electrode in a second position to stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue;

positioning a third stimulation electrode in a third position to stimulate a nerve;

providing stimulation energy to the first stimulation electrode to stimulate the first portion of cardiac tissue to contract;

providing stimulation energy to the second stimulation electrode to stimulate the second portion of cardiac tissue to contract in synchrony with the first portion of cardiac tissue;

providing stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode to stimulate the nerve; and

a sensor to detect an inflammatory agent.

59. The method of claim 58 wherein a nerve stimulator in communication with the sensor provides the stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode.

60. A method of performing a medical procedure, comprising:

providing stimulation energy from a cardiac stimulator to a first stimulation electrode to stimulate a first portion of cardiac tissue;

providing stimulation energy from the cardiac stimulator to a second stimulation electrode to simultaneously stimulate a second portion of cardiac tissue; and

providing stimulation energy from a nerve stimulator to a third stimulation electrode to stimulate a vagal nerve.

61. The method of claim 60 further comprising stimulating the vagal nerve while stimulating the first and second portions of cardiac tissue.

62. The method of claim 60 further comprising stimulating the vagal nerve while stopping simultaneous stimulation of the first and second portions of cardiac tissue.

63. The method of claim 60 further comprising stimulating the first and second portions of cardiac tissue while stopping stimulation of the vagal nerve.

64. The method of claim 60 further comprising delivering at least one drug during the medical procedure.

65. The method of claim 60 wherein a cardiac stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes.

66. The method of claim 65 wherein the cardiac stimulator is an external cardiac stimulator.

67. The method of claim 65 wherein the cardiac stimulator is an implantable cardiac stimulator.

68. The method of claim 60 wherein a nerve stimulator provides the stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode.

69. The method of claim 68 wherein the nerve stimulator is an external nerve stimulator.

70. The method of claim 68 wherein the nerve stimulator is an implantable nerve stimulator.

71. The method of claim 60 further comprising a sensor.

72. The method of claim 71 wherein a nerve stimulator in communication with the sensor provides the stimulation energy to the third stimulation electrode.

73. The method of claim 71 wherein a cardiac stimulator in communication with the sensor provides the stimulation energy to the first and second stimulation electrodes.

74. A system for performing a medical procedure, comprising:

an implantable nerve stimulator for delivering stimulation energy to one or more nerve stimulation electrodes;

an implantable cardiac stimulator in communication with the nerve stimulator for delivering stimulation energy to two or more stimulation electrodes; and

one or more sensors in communication with the nerve stimulator.

75. The system of claim 74 wherein the one or more nerve stimulation electrodes are selected from the group consisting of:

nerve stimulation electrodes, endotracheal electrodes, endoesophageal electrodes, intravascular electrodes, transcutaneous electrodes, intracutaneous electrodes, balloon-type electrodes, basket-type electrodes, umbrella-type electrodes, tape-type electrodes, suction-type electrodes, screw-type electrodes, barb-type electrodes, bipolar electrodes, monopolar electrodes, metal electrodes, wire electrodes, patch electrodes, cuff electrodes, clip electrodes, needle electrodes and probe electrodes.

76. The system of claim 74 wherein the two or more cardiac stimulation electrodes are selected from the group consisting of:

cardiac stimulation electrodes, clip electrodes, needle electrodes, probe electrodes, pacing electrodes, epicardial electrodes, patch electrodes, intravascular electrodes, balloon-type electrodes, basket-type electrodes, tape-type electrodes, umbrella-type electrodes, suction-type electrodes,endotracheal electrodes, endoesophageal electrodes, transcutaneous electrodes, intracutaneous electrodes, screw-type electrodes, barb-type electrodes, bipolar electrodes, monopolar electrodes, metal electrodes, wire electrodes and cuff electrodes.

77. The system of claim 74 further comprising one or more sensors in communication with the cardiac stimulator.

78. A system for performing a medical procedure, comprising:

an implantable nerve stimulator for delivering stimulation energy to one or more nerve stimulation electrodes;

an implantable cardiac stimulator in communication with the nerve stimulator for delivering stimulation energy to two or more stimulation electrodes; and

one or more sensors in communication with the nerve stimulator and the cardiac stimulator.

79. A device for performing a medical procedure comprising:

a processor;

one or more nerve stimulation electrodes operatively connected to the processor;

two or more cardiac stimulation electrodes operatively connected to the processor; and

one or more physician operated switches operatively connected to the processor to allow a physician to regulate stimulation output from the one or more nerve stimulation electrodes and the two or more cardiac stimulation electrodes.

80. The device of claim 79 wherein stimulation output from the one or more nerve stimulation electrodes occurs in an inverse relationship to stimulation output from the two or more cardiac stimulation electrodes.

81. The device of claim 79 wherein stimulation output from the one or more nerve stimulation electrodes occurs during stimulation output from the two or more cardiac stimulation electrodes.

82. The device of claim 79 wherein the switch is a hand switch.

83. The device of claim 79 wherein the switch is a foot switch.

84. The device of claim 79 wherein the switch is a voice-activated switch.

85. The device of claim 79 wherein the switch is a remote switch.

86. The device of claim 79 further comprising a sensor in communication with the processor.