Method and apparatus for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
First Claim
1. A method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy, comprising the steps of:
- providing a unit mass of working fluid;
isentropically compressing the unit mass of working fluid to a higher temperature and a higher pressure;
adding thermal energy from a source external to the working fluid to the unit mass while isothermally expanding the unit mass to a first subsequent volume;
moving at least one driving member by isentropically expanding the unit mass to a second subsequent volume; and
exhausting at least a portion of the unit mass of working fluid to ambient environment.
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Abstract
A method and apparatus for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy which can use a wide range of fuels and perform with a high efficiency. Operating on a little utilized thermodynamic cycle of isentropic compression, isothermal expansion, isentropic expansion and finally constant pressure cooling and contraction. The external heat engine utilizes a heat exchanger carrying heat from the external energy source to the working parts of the engine. Pistons and cylinders are activated by appropriate means to adiabatically compress the working fluid, for example ambient air, to transfer the entire mass of the air through the heat exchanger to accomplish isothermal expansion followed by adiabatic expansion and, finally, exhaust the air to ambient to allow for constant pressure cooling and contraction. Valve pistons in conjunction with the cylinders form valves that allow for the exchange of working fluid with ambient. Energy is added to the engine during isothermal expansion, whereby the energy of compression is added by a flywheel or other appropriate energy storage means, said flywheel stores energy recovered during adiabatic expansion. The thermodynamic cycle described and the engine embodiments disclosed, when run in reverse, perform as a heat pump or refrigeration device.
54 Citations
88 Claims
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1. A method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy, comprising the steps of:
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providing a unit mass of working fluid; isentropically compressing the unit mass of working fluid to a higher temperature and a higher pressure; adding thermal energy from a source external to the working fluid to the unit mass while isothermally expanding the unit mass to a first subsequent volume; moving at least one driving member by isentropically expanding the unit mass to a second subsequent volume; and exhausting at least a portion of the unit mass of working fluid to ambient environment. - View Dependent Claims (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17)
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18. A method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy, comprising the steps of:
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providing a unit mass of working fluid at an ambient temperature and an ambient pressure; isentropically compressing the unit mass of working fluid to a higher temperature and a higher pressure; heating the unit mass by moving the unit mass past a heat exchanger while isothermally expanding the unit mass to a first subsequent volume; isentropically expanding the unit mass to a second subsequent volume, thereby moving a first driving member and a second driving member; and exhausting to ambient environment at least a portion the unit mass of working fluid. - View Dependent Claims (19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29)
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30. An apparatus for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy, comprising:
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means for drawing a unit mass of working fluid into a compression chamber at an ambient temperature and an ambient pressure, said means for drawing comprising; a compression piston slidably movable within a compression cylinder; and a transfer piston slidably moveable within a transfer cylinder, said transfer cylinder in fluid communication with said compression cylinder; means for isentropically compressing said unit mass of working fluid to a higher temperature and a higher pressure; means, external to the working fluid, for heating said unit mass while isothermally expanding the unit mass to a first subsequent volume; means for isentropically expanding said unit mass to a second subsequent volume; and means for exhausting at least a portion of said unit mass of working fluid. - View Dependent Claims (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41)
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42. An engine using a unit mass of working fluid to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, comprising:
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a compression chamber into which said unit mass of working fluid may be drawn, said compression chamber defined in part by a compression cylinder; a compression piston slidable for reciprocating motion within said compression cylinder to draw said unit mass into said compression chamber and to isentropically compress said unit mass to a higher temperature and a higher pressure; a transfer chamber into which at least a portion of said unit mass may be pushed, said transfer chamber defined at least in part by a transfer cylinder; a transfer piston slidable for reciprocating motion within said transfer cylinder; and a heat exchanger disposed operatively between said compression chamber and said transfer chamber, wherein said heat exchanger imparts thermal energy to said working fluid while at least a portion of said unit mass is moving past said heat exchanger under the urging of said compression piston, whereby at least a portion of said unit mass isothermally expands to a first subsequent volume; wherein said transfer piston and said compression piston are responsive to isentropic expansion of said unit mass to a second subsequent volume within said transfer chamber. - View Dependent Claims (43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65)
wherein each of said cams comprises an eccentric profile, and further wherein the rotation of any one of said cams induces pivotal movement in a corresponding one of said levers.
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58. An engine according to claim 54 wherein said plurality of cams are mounted on said cam drive axle for rotation at a uniform angular velocity, and further comprising a flywheel disposed on said cam drive axle.
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59. An engine according to claim 54 further comprising a compression push rod mounted for reciprocating linear translation in relation to said frame, and operatively connected to said compression piston.
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60. An engine according to claim 59 further comprising means for mounting said push rod for reciprocating translational movement, said mounting means comprising:
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a transverse shaft; at least two pairs of connection arms pivotally connected to said transverse shaft; and at least two pairs of crank arms, each said crank arm pivotally connected to a corresponding connection arm, and each said connection arm pivotally connected to said frame; wherein said push rod is connected to said transverse shaft, and wherein at least two of said crank arms are drivable in opposite directions by the rotation of one of said plurality of cams, thereby to induce translation of said push rod along the axis of said rod.
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61. An engine according to claim 45 wherein said compression chamber is further defined by a supplemental compression cylinder, and further comprising:
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a supplemental compression piston slidable for reciprocating motion within said supplemental compression cylinder cooperatively with the sliding of said compression piston; and a passageway for fluid communication between said compression cylinder and said supplemental compression cylinder.
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62. An engine according to claim 61 further comprising a supplemental valve in operative connection with said supplemental cylinder for permitting working fluid to be drawn into and exhausted from said supplemental compression chamber.
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63. An engine according to claim 42 further comprising:
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a second compression chamber into which a second unit mass of working fluid may be drawn, said second compression chamber defined at least in part by a second compression cylinder; a second compression piston slidable for reciprocating motion within said second compression cylinder, non-cooperatively with said compression piston, to draw said second unit mass into said second compression chamber and to isentropically compress said second unit mass to said higher temperature and said higher pressure; passage means for fluid communication between said heat exchanger and said first compression chamber, and between said heat exchanger and said second compression chamber, respectively; and valve means for controlling flow of working fluid through said passage means; wherein; said heat exchanger is disposed operatively between said second compression chamber and said transfer chamber; said heat exchanger imparts thermal energy to said working fluid while at least a portion of said second unit mass is moving past said heat exchanger under the urging of said second compression piston, whereby said at least a portion of said second unit mass isothermally expands to a first subsequent volume; and said compression pistons reciprocate out of phase in relation to each other.
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64. An engine according to claim 63 further comprising:
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intake valves in communication with corresponding ones of said compression chambers, and movable between an open condition for allowing working fluid to be drawn into said engine and a closed condition to prevent working fluid from exhausting from said engine; and exhaust valves in communication with corresponding ones of said compression chambers, and movable between an open condition for allowing working fluid to exit said engine and a closed condition to prevent working fluid from being drawn into said engine.
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65. An engine according to claim 64 wherein:
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said compression piston is movable in said compression cylinder to push at least a portion of said unit mass from said compression chamber, past said heat exchanger, and toward said transfer chamber; said second compression piston is movable in said second compression cylinder to push at least a portion of said second unit mass from said second compression chamber, past said heat exchanger, and toward said transfer chamber; wherein when said compression piston is isothermally compressing said unit mass, said second compression piston is moving to perform at least one function selected from the group consisting of isentropically expanding working fluid, exhausting working fluid, intaking working fluid, and isentropically compressing working fluid.
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66. A method for converting thermal energy to mechanical energy, comprising the steps of:
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providing a unit mass of working fluid; isentropically compressing the unit mass of working fluid to a higher temperature and a higher pressure; isothermally expanding the unit mass to a first subsequent volume while adding thermal energy to the unit mass from a source external to the working fluid, thereby moving at least one driving member; isentropically expanding the unit mass to a second subsequent volume, thereby moving at least one driving member; and exhausting to ambient environment at least a portion of the unit mass of working fluid. - View Dependent Claims (67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88)
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Specification