Methods and apparatus for processing content requests using domain name service

• US 7,289,519 B1
• Filed: 05/01/2002
• Issued: 10/30/2007
• Est. Priority Date: 05/01/2002
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: Cisco Technology, Inc. (Cisco Systems, Inc.)
• Inventors: Liskov, Barbara
• Primary Examiner(s): Shah; Chirag G.
• Application Number:
  US10/136,264
• Time in Patent Office: 2,008 Days
• Field of Search: None
• US Class Current: 370/400
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 61/4511 using domain name system [DNS]
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 61/4552 Lookup mechanisms between a plurality of directories; Synchronisation of directories, e.g. metadirectories
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 67/1097 for distributed storage of data in networks, e.g. transport arrangements for network file system [NFS], storage area networks [SAN] or network attached storage [NAS]

Abstract

Mechanisms and techniques provide a system that operates in content routers and content engines in peered content distribution networks. Using domain name specifications associated with the content distribution networks, a content router may provide a forward domain resolution response to redirect a domain resolution request to another peered content distribution network. If a secondary content router determines that a content request is not to be processed in its content distribution network, it may respond with: a reflected domain resolution response that is returned to a primary content router or a forward domain resolution response. Content engines may also reflect content requests back to the primary content router by providing: a reflected redirect content response to a client, or a redirect forward content response that must be resolved. After termination of a peering relationship, a reflection continuation period may be defined during which secondary content networks provide reflected or forwarded responses.

Claims

1. In a content router associated with a first content distribution network, wherein the content router is a primary content router and the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with a second content distribution network, a method for processing domain resolution requests, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a domain resolution request, wherein the domain resolution request is an original domain resolution request that contains an original domain specification;

determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

determining that content associated with the original domain specification is to be obtained from the second content distribution network, and selecting a forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response associated with a content engine within the first content distribution network; and

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is not to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response associated with a second content distribution network, wherein the alternative domain resolution response comprises a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification that causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the content router is a primary content router and the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the step of;

determining that the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

selecting a content engine associated with the first content distribution network to service the content request associated with the domain resolution request; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the content engine in the first content distribution within the address resolution response.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the content router is a primary content router and wherein the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a reflected domain resolution request that contains a reflected domain specification from the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the step of;

determining that a content request associated with the reflected domain specification should be processed within the first content distribution network;

selecting a content engine within the first content distribution network to process the content request associated with the reflected domain specification; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the selected content engine within the address resolution response.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship with a third content distribution network in addition to the second content distribution network;

and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that content associated with the reflected domain specification is to be obtained from the third content distribution network with which the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship; and

selecting a forward domain specification associated with the third content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification to cause a device in the third content distribution network to receive a forward domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the reflected domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of:

determining, based on a domain resolution request history, if a technique used to receive the reflected domain resolution request has reached a predetermined forwarding threshold, and if so, determining that the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the primary content distribution network.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a forward domain resolution request that contains a forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be processed by a content distribution network other than the first content distribution network;

selecting a reflected domain specification associated with the first content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a reflected domain resolution response containing the reflected domain specification to cause a device in the second content distribution network to receive a reflected domain resolution request containing the reflected domain specification indicating that the first content distribution network was unable to process a request for content associated with the forward domain specification.

7. The method of claim 6 wherein the domain resolution request containing the forward domain resolution request indicates a domain resolution request history;

and

wherein the step of determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be processed by a content distribution network other than the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining, based on the domain resolution request history, if a forwarding technique used to receive the domain resolution request has reached a predetermined threshold, and if so, determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be reflected to the primary content distribution network.

8. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed from the first content distribution network comprises the step of:

consulting a peering policy to determine if the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network with respect to at least one portion of content associated with the domain resolution request.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein:

the peering policy indicates that the peering relationship between the first content distribution network and the second content distribution network is inactive;

wherein the peering policy specifies a reflection continuation period that defines a time after inactivation of the peering relationship that the first content distribution network is to continue to reflect requests for content on behalf of the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of consulting a peering policy comprises the steps of determining if the reflection continuation period has elapsed, and if the reflection continuation period has not elapsed, proceeding to perform the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a forward domain resolution request that contains a forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that a content engine within the first content distribution network is to process a content request associated with a forward domain specification identified in the domain resolution request;

selecting the content engine within the first content distribution network to process the content request associated with the forward domain specification identified in the domain resolution request; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the selected content engine in the first content distribution network within the address resolution response.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a first peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a first forward domain resolution request that contains a first forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that the content request associated with the first forward domain specification is to be processed by a third content distribution network that peers content associated with the domain resolution request;

selecting a second forward domain specification associated with the third content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a forward domain resolution response containing the second forward domain specification to cause the third content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the second forward domain specification.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the first and second forward domain specifications contain an indication of a domain resolution request history.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the domain resolution request contains a domain specification that indicates a domain resolution request history that identifies a domain resolution request hop count.

14. The method of claim 1:

wherein the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network that is in a peering relationship with a set of other content distribution networks and the content router is a primary content router;

wherein each content distribution network in the set of other content distribution networks has an association to at least one respective forward domain specification that, when received in a domain resolution request by a content router in that respective content distribution network, indicates to that content router that another content distribution network is attempting to forward a content request to that respective content distribution network; and

wherein each respective content distribution network in the set of other content distribution networks also has an association to at least one respective reflected domain specification that a respective content router in those respective content distribution networks can provide in a domain resolution response and that, when received in a domain resolution request by the primary content router in that respective content distribution network, indicates to that content router that another content distribution network is attempting to reflect a content request to that respective content distribution network.

15. In a content engine associated with a first content distribution network, a method for processing a content request, the method comprising the steps of:

receiving a content request, wherein the content request contains an original domain specification;

determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, wherein determining comprises determining that content associated with the content request is to be obtained from a second content distribution network, and selecting the forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with a content response containing the content requested in the content request; and

if the content request is not to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with at least one of;

i) a redirect reflect content response sent to a primary content distribution network and containing a reflect domain specification that identifies a content distribution network associated with this content engine;

ii) a redirect forward content response containing a forward domain specification that identifies another peering content distribution network other than the first content distribution network to which the content request is to be forwarded, wherein the redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the step of determining if content associated with the content request is to be served from the content engine comprises the step of:

consulting a peering policy to determine if the first content distribution network is in an active peering relationship with the second content distribution network with respect to content associated with the content request.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the content engine is in a secondary content distribution network and wherein:

the peering policy indicates that the peering relationship between the first content distribution network and the second content distribution network is inactive;

wherein the peering policy specifies a reflection continuation period that defines a time after inactivation of the peering relationship that the first content distribution network is to continue to peer content on behalf of the second content distribution network; and

and wherein the step of consulting a peering policy comprises the steps of determining if the reflection continuation period has expired, and if the reflection continuation period has not expired, proceeding to perform the step of responding to the content request with a redirect reflect content response.

18. The method of claim 15 wherein:

the content engine is a secondary content engine and the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine comprises the steps of;

determining that content associated with the content request is not to be obtained from the first content distribution network; and

selecting at least one of;

i) the forward domain specification associated with at least one other second content distribution network in a peering relationship with the first content distribution network; and

ii) a reflect domain specification associated with a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the first distribution network; and

wherein if the forward domain specification is selected, the step of responding to the content request with an redirect forward content response comprises the step of providing a redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification to cause a device in at least one other second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification; and

wherein if the reflect domain specification is selected, the step of responding to the content request with an redirect reflect content response comprises the step of providing a redirect reflect content response containing the reflect domain specification to cause a device in the primary content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the reflect domain specification.

19. A content router, wherein the content router is a primary content router that is part of a first content distribution network, wherein the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with a second content distribution network, comprising:

at least one communications interface;

a memory;

a processor; and

an interconnection mechanism coupling the at least one communications interface, the memory and the processor; and

wherein the memory is encoded with an content routing application that when performed on the processor, produces a content routing process that causes the content router to process domain resolution requests by performing the processing steps of;

receiving a domain resolution request, wherein the domain resolution request is an original domain resolution request that contains an original domain specification;

determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

determining that content associated with the original domain specification is to be obtained from the second content distribution network, and selecting a forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response associated with a content engine within the first content distribution network; and

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is not to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response associated with a second content distribution network, wherein the alternative domain resolution response comprises a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification that causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

20. The content router of claim 19 wherein:

the content router is a primary content router and the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the step of;

determining that the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

selecting a content engine associated with the first content distribution network to service the content request associated with the domain resolution request; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the content engine in the first content distribution within the address resolution response.

21. The content router of claim 19 wherein:

the content router is a primary content router and wherein the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a reflected domain resolution request that contains a reflected domain specification from the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the step of;

determining that a content request associated with the reflect domain specification should be processed within the first content distribution network;

selecting a content engine within the first content distribution network to process the content request associated with the reflected domain specification; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the selected content engine within the address resolution response.

22. The content router of claim 21 wherein the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship with a third content distribution network in addition to the second content distribution network;

and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that content associated with the reflected domain specification is to be obtained from the third content distribution network with which the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship; and

selecting a forward domain specification associated with the third content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification to cause a device in the third content distribution network to receive a forward domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

23. The content router of claim 21 wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the reflected domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of:

determining, based on a domain resolution request history, if a technique used to receive the reflected domain resolution request has reached a predetermined forwarding threshold, and if so, determining that the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the primary content distribution network.

24. The content router of claim 19 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a forward domain resolution request that contains a forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be processed by a content distribution network other than the first content distribution network;

selecting a reflected domain specification associated with the first content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a reflected domain resolution response containing the reflected domain specification to cause a device in the second content distribution network to receive a reflected domain resolution request containing the reflected domain specification indicating that the first content distribution network was unable to process a request for content associated with the forward domain specification.

25. The content router of claim 24 wherein the domain resolution request containing the forward domain resolution request indicates a domain resolution request history;

and

wherein the step of determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be processed by a content distribution network other than the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining, based on the domain resolution request history, if a forwarding technique used to receive the domain resolution request has reached a predetermined threshold, and if so, determining that the content request associated with the forward domain specification is to be reflected to the primary content distribution network.

26. The content router of claim 24 wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed from the first content distribution network comprises the step of:

consulting a peering policy to determine if the first content distribution network is in a peering relationship with the second content distribution network with respect to at least one portion of content associated with the domain resolution request.

27. The content router of claim 26 wherein:

the peering policy indicates that the peering relationship between the first content distribution network and the second content distribution network is inactive;

wherein the peering policy specifies a reflection continuation period that defines a time after inactivation of the peering relationship that the first content distribution network is to continue to reflect requests for content on behalf of the second content distribution network; and

wherein the step of consulting a peering policy comprises the steps of determining if the reflection continuation period has elapsed, and if the reflection continuation period has not elapsed, proceeding to perform the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response.

28. The content router of claim 19 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a forward domain resolution request that contains a forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that a content engine within the first content distribution network is to process a content request associated with a forward domain specification identified in the domain resolution request;

selecting the content engine within the first content distribution network to process the content request associated with the forward domain specification identified in the domain resolution request; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response comprises the step of providing an address of the selected content engine in the first content distribution network within the address resolution response.

29. The content router of claim 19 wherein:

the content router is a peering content router;

the first content distribution network is a first peering content distribution network that peers content on behalf of the second content distribution network which is a primary content distribution network;

the domain resolution request is a first forward domain resolution request that contains a first forward domain specification; and

wherein the step of determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network comprises the steps of;

determining that the content request associated with the first forward domain specification is to be processed by a third content distribution network that peers content associated with the domain resolution request;

selecting a second forward domain specification associated with the third content distribution network; and

wherein the step of responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response comprises the step of providing a forward domain resolution response containing the second forward domain specification to cause the third content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the second forward domain specification.

30. The content router of claim 29 wherein the first and second forward domain specifications contain an indication of a domain resolution request history.

31. The content router of claim 19 wherein the domain resolution request contains a domain specification that indicates a domain resolution request history that identifies a domain resolution request hop count.

32. The content router of claim 19:

wherein the first content distribution network is a primary content distribution network that is in a peering relationship with a set of other content distribution networks and the content router is a primary content router;

wherein each content distribution network in the set of other content distribution networks has an association to at least one respective forward domain specification that, when received in a domain resolution request by a content router in that respective content distribution network, indicates to that content router that another content distribution network is attempting to forward a content request to that respective content distribution network; and

wherein each respective content distribution network in the set of other content distribution networks also has an association to at least one respective reflected domain specification that a respective content router in those respective content distribution networks can provide in a domain resolution response and that, when received in a domain resolution request by the primary content router in that respective content distribution network, indicates to that content router that another content distribution network is attempting to forward a content request to that respective content distribution network.

33. A content engine associated with a first content distribution network comprising:

at least one communications interface;

a memory;

a processor; and

an interconnection mechanism coupling the at least one communications interface, the memory and the processor; and

wherein the memory is encoded with a content routing application that when performed on the processor, produces a content routing process that causes the content engine to process content requests by performing the processing steps of;

receiving a content request, wherein the content request contains an original domain specification;

determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, wherein determining comprises determining that content associated with the content request is to be obtained from a second content distribution network, and selecting the forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with a content response containing the content requested in the content request; and

if the content request is not to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with at least one of;

i) a redirect reflect content response sent to a primary content distribution network and containing a reflect domain specification that identifies a content distribution network associated with this content engine;

ii) a redirect forward content response containing a forward domain specification that identifies another peering content distribution network other than the first content distribution network to which the content request is to be forwarded, wherein the redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

34. The content engine of claim 33 wherein the step of determining if content associated with the content request is to be served from the content engine comprises the step of:

consulting a peering policy to determine if the first content distribution network is in an active peering relationship with the second content distribution network with respect to content associated with the content request.

35. The content engine of claim 33 wherein:

the peering policy indicates that the peering relationship between the first content distribution network and the second content distribution network is inactive;

wherein the peering policy specifies a reflection continuation period that defines a time after inactivation of the peering relationship that the first content distribution network is to continue to peer content on behalf of the second content distribution network; and

and wherein the step of consulting a peering policy comprises the steps of determining if the reflection continuation period has expired, and if the reflection continuation period has not expired, proceeding to perform the step of responding to the content request with a redirect reflect content response.

36. The content engine of claim 33 wherein:

the content request contains a forward domain specification; and

the content engine is a secondary content engine and the first content distribution network is a peering content distribution network; and

wherein the step of determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine comprises the steps of;

determining that content associated with the content request is not to be obtained from the first content distribution network; and

selecting at least one of;

i) the forward domain specification associated with at least one other second content distribution network in a peering relationship with the first content distribution network; and

ii) a reflect domain specification associated with a primary content distribution network in a peering relationship with the first distribution network; and

wherein if the forward domain specification is selected, the step of responding to the content request with an redirect forward content response comprises the step of providing a redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification to cause a device in the at least one other second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification; and

wherein if the reflect domain specification is selected, the step of responding to the content request with an redirect reflect content response comprises the step of providing a redirect reflect content response containing the reflect domain specification to cause a device in the primary content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the reflect domain specification.

37. A computer program product having a computer-readable medium including computer program logic encoded thereon that, when performed in a content router having a coupling of a memory, a processor, and at least one communications interface, provides a method for processing domain resolution requests by causing the content router to perform the operations of:

receiving a domain resolution request, wherein the domain resolution request is an original domain resolution request that contains an original domain specification;

determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

determining that content associated with the original domain specification is to be obtained from the second content distribution network, and selecting a forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response associated with a content engine within the first content distribution network; and

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is not to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response associated with a second content distribution network, wherein the alternative domain resolution response comprises a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification that causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

38. A computer program product having a computer-readable medium including computer program logic encoded thereon that, when performed in a content engine having a coupling of a memory, a processor, and at least one communications interface, provides a method for processing content requests by causing the content router to perform the operations of:

receiving a content request, wherein the content request contains an original domain specification;

determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, wherein determining comprises determining that content associated with the content request is to be obtained from a second content distribution network, and selecting the forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with a content response containing the content requested in the content request; and

if the content request is not to be processed by this content engine, responding to the content request with at least one of;

i) a redirect reflect content response sent to a primary content distribution network and containing a reflect domain specification that identifies a content distribution network associated with this content engine;

ii) a redirect forward content response containing a forward domain specification that identifies another peering content distribution network other than the first content distribution network to which the content request is to be forwarded, wherein the redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

39. A content engine comprising:

at least one communications interface;

a memory;

a processor; and

an interconnection mechanism coupling the at least one communications interface, the memory and the processor; and

wherein the memory is encoded with an content routing application that when performed on the processor, produces a content routing process that causes the content engine to process content requests by providing means including;

means for receiving a content request, wherein the content request contains an original domain specification;

means for determining if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, wherein means for determining comprises means for determining that content associated with the content request is to be obtained from a second content distribution network, and means for selecting the forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request is to be processed by this content engine, means for responding to the content request with a content response containing the content requested in the content request; and

if the content request is not to be processed by this content engine, means for responding to the content request with at least one of;

i) a redirect reflect content response sent to a primary content distribution network and containing a reflect domain specification that identifies a content distribution network associated with this content engine;

ii) a redirect forward content response containing a forward domain specification that identifies another peering content distribution network other than the first content distribution network to which the content request is to be forwarded, wherein the redirect forward content response containing the forward domain specification causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.

40. A content router comprising:

at least one communications interface;

a memory;

a processor; and

an interconnection mechanism coupling the at least one communications interface, the memory and the processor; and

wherein the memory is encoded with an content routing application that when performed on the processor, produces a content routing process that causes the content router to process domain resolution requests by providing a means including;

receiving a domain resolution request, wherein the domain resolution request is an original domain resolution request that contains an original domain specification;

determining if a content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network;

determining that content associated with the original domain specification is to be obtained from the second content distribution network, and selecting a forward domain specification associated with the second content distribution network;

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an address resolution response associated with a content engine within the first content distribution network; and

if the content request associated with the domain resolution request is not to be processed by the first content distribution network, responding to the domain resolution request with an alternative domain resolution response associated with a second content distribution network, wherein the alternative domain resolution response comprises a forward domain resolution response containing the forward domain specification that causes a device in the second content distribution network to receive a domain resolution request containing the forward domain specification.