Method and arrangement relating to x-ray imaging

• US 7,342,233 B2
• Filed: 11/18/2005
• Issued: 03/11/2008
• Est. Priority Date: 11/18/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Philips Digital Mammography Sweden AB (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Original Assignee: Sectra Mamea AB (Koninklijke Philips N.V.)
• Inventors: Lundqvist, Mats, Danielsson, Mats
• Primary Examiner(s): Porta; David
• Assistant Examiner(s): Gaworecki; Mark R
• Application Number:
  US11/282,547
• Publication Number:
  US 20070114424A1
• Time in Patent Office: 844 Days
• Field of Search: 250/370.09, 378/98.9, 378/98.11, 378/98.12
• US Class Current: 250/370.09
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/4241 using energy resolving detectors, e.g. photon counting
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/482 involving multiple energy imaging
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/502 for diagnosis of breast, i.e. mammography
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 6/583 using calibration phantoms
• CPC Class Codes: G01T 1/2928 using solid state detectors

Abstract

An X-ray apparatus is provided for acquisition of images containing spectral information. An X-ray source and a collimator having multiple slits are operable together with a set of line detectors, the line detectors including linear arrays of photon counting channels. Each of the channels includes a photon conversion channel element which is operable to convert photons to electric pulses. A plurality of pulse counters are operable to count pulses in a plurality of different ranges of pulse strength, where the strength of a pulse depends on the energy of the photon. Further, an arrangement is included for an energy subtracting operation.

Claims

1. An x-ray apparatus for acquisition of images containing spectral information, comprising:

a) an x-ray source operable to output a plurality of x-ray photons;

b) a multi-slit collimator having a plurality of openings operable to direct the x-ray photons into a plurality of beams;

a set of line detectors each aligned with one of the openings to receive the x-ray photons of one of the beams each of said line detectors being a linear array of photon counting channels, each of said channels comprising a photon conversion channel element being operatively arranged to directly convert each received x-ray photon to an electric pulse, said pulse having a strength depending on the energy of the x-ray photon converted thereto;

c) a plurality of pulse counters including first counters operable to count said pulses which have a first range of pulse strength and second counters operable to count said pulses which have a second range of pulse strength lower than said first range; and

d) an arrangement for energy subtracting operation.

2. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, being arranged to compute an image according to a function designed such that an additional received photon either increases or decreases a pixel value of said image, depending on the energy of said additional photon.

3. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 2, further comprising an arrangement for producing an additional image without an additional irradiation, said arrangement being arranged to produce said additional image without applying said energy subtracting operation.

4. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus is intended for mammography.

5. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an arrangement for handling information about contrast agent injected to a patient.

6. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said counters are arranged to increment or decrement in variable steps for each of said pulses, and said steps depend on properties of said pulses.

7. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a means for neighbor integration of pulse strength, whereby said pulse counters receive contributions from two or more neighboring channels.

8. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said channels comprises an anti-coincidence mechanism, for preventing counting a photon when a neighbor channel receives a stronger pulse.

9. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said apparatus comprises an arrangement for variable spatial and spectral resolution, wherein each of said channels is configurable to merge with or split from neighboring channels.

10. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said photon conversion channel elements are essentially semiconductor PIN junctions, arranged as a linear array on a semiconductor plate.

11. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an image generating arrangement, operatively arranged to generate an image based on pixel-wise contributions from essentially all of said channels in essentially all of said line detectors, wherein said pixel-wise contributions are linear combinations of values from one or several of said counters within the same channel, and moreover said linear combinations are variable.

12. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising an image generating arrangement, operatively arranged to generate at least two images, and said two images are based on data from the same exposure by said x-ray source, wherein said two images are different with respect to said linear combinations.

13. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 12, further comprising image display and a user interface for control of said energy subtracting operation.

14. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a calibration tool for calibration of said ranges in said pulse counters, wherein said ranges are adjustable by parameters, and said calibration tool comprises a first means for performing irradiation by said x-ray source, a second means for receiving statistics from said counters, a third means for computing improved values of said parameters, and a fourth means for adjusting said parameters, wherein said third means is set up to compute said improved parameters at least partly based on desired ranges, said statistics from said counters and voltage to said x-ray source used by said first means.

15. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 14, further comprising at least one of a pre-defined phantom or filter locatable between said x-ray source and said line detectors during said irradiation, said third means being operable to compute said improved parameters partly based on known physical properties of said at least one of a phantom or filter.

16. A method of producing an image containing spectral information, comprising the steps of:

irradiation by an x-ray source an array of channels of photon conversion channel elements, whereby each photon conversion channel element converts photons to electric pulses,

counting said pulses in a plurality of parallel counters per channel,

reading out values from said counters from essentially all of said channels,

constructing an image from said values, and

outputting said image,

wherein the strength of said pulses depends on the energy of said photons, and at least two of said counters per channel count pulses in different ranges of said strength, and applying an energy subtracting operation, said output being either image display or image export to another system.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein different x-ray photons contribute to pixel values of said image, and an additional received x-ray photon either increases or decreases a pixel value, depending on the energy of said x-ray photon.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said method is applied in a multi-slit scanner.

19. The method according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein said counters increment or decrement by variable steps, depending on properties of said pulses.

20. The method according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein a body part of a patient is irradiated and contrast agent is injected to said patient prior to said irradiation.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the application is mammography and said body part is a breast.

22. The method according to claim 17, further comprising a method of calibration of said ranges of pulse strength, wherein said method comprises the steps of irradiating said line detectors with a reference spectrum of photon energies, acquisition of statistics of counts for each counter in each channel and adjusting detection thresholds of said pulse counters.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said reference spectrum is obtained by setting a voltage of said x-ray source, whereby the maximum energy of x-ray photons emitted from said x-ray source is near the desired level of threshold to calibrate.

24. The method according to claim 22, wherein said reference spectrum is obtained by inserting at least one of a filter or phantom, the voltage of said x-ray source is essentially at a level usable for acquisition of an image, and said at least one of a filter or phantom contains a material of a type usable as a contrast agent present within a patient during acquisition of the image.

25. The method according to claim 16, wherein an additional image is produced without an additional irradiation, wherein said energy subtracting operation is either adjusted or not applied.

26. An x-ray apparatus for acquisition of images and energy subtraction, comprising:

an x-ray source,

a multi-slit collimator,

a set of line detectors, each of said line detectors comprises a photon conversion volume for conversion of photons of different energies to electric pulses of different strengths,

an arrangement for image construction,

an arrangement for energy subtraction,

a number of pulse counters, comprising a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, each row corresponding to a unique range of photon energy and each column being connected to a unique region in said photon conversion volume, and said counter in each of said columns and each of said rows being operatively arranged to count photons from said region corresponding to said column and in said range corresponding to said row.

27. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 26, wherein said number of pulse counters is a matrix, which is an imagined, virtual or logical order, which is independent of physical layout or topology.

28. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 27, wherein essentially each of said columns is equipped with an anti-coincidence mechanism, which is set up to prevent counting a photon when a stronger pulse is received in a column corresponding to an adjacent region of said photon conversion volume.

29. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 27, wherein essentially each of said columns is equipped with an arrangement for neighbor integration, whereby said pulse counters receive contributions from two or more neighboring regions of said photon conversion volume.

30. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 27, wherein said counters are set up to increment or decrement variable steps for each of said pulses, wherein said step depends on properties of said pulses.

31. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 27, further comprising means for handling information about contrast agent injected to a patient.

32. An x-ray apparatus according to claim 26, wherein said apparatus further comprises an arrangement for producing an additional image without an additional irradiation, and said arrangement being arranged to produce said additional image without applying said energy subtracting operation.

33. An x-ray apparatus for producing an image, comprising an array of photon counting channels, and an arrangement for image construction operable to perform an energy subtracting operation when constructing an image, and each of said channels comprises a photon conversion channel element, and a plurality of pulse counters including first counters and second counters, wherein said photon conversion channel element is characterized by conversion of x-ray photons to electric pulses whose strength depends on the energy of said x-ray photons, and furthermore said counters are directly or indirectly connected to said photon conversion channel element, said first counters being operable to count said pulses which have a first range of pulse strength and said second counters being operable to count said pulses which have a second range of pulse strength lower than said first range.

34. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said arrangement for image construction is arranged to compute an image according to a function, and said function is designed such that an additional received x-ray photon either increases or decreases a pixel value of said image, depending on the energy of said additional x-ray photon.

35. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, wherein the pixel size of said image is essentially equal to the size along one dimension of said photon conversion channel element.

36. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said apparatus is intended for mammography.

37. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising means for handling information about contrast agent injected to a patient.

38. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said counters are set up to increment or decrement variable steps for each of said pulses, and said steps depend on properties of said pulses.

39. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising an arrangement for neighbor integration of pulse strength, whereby said pulse counters are set up to make decisions based on contributions from at least two neighboring channels.

40. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, wherein at least one of said channels comprises an anti-coincidence mechanism, which is set up to prevent counting a photon when a neighbor channel receives a stronger pulse.

41. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, wherein said photon conversion channel elements are essentially semiconductor PIN junctions, arranged as an array on a semiconductor plate.

42. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 34, further comprising a calibration tool intended for calibration of said ranges of said pulse counters, wherein said ranges are adjustable by parameters, and said calibration tool comprises a first arrangement for performing irradiation by said x-ray source, a second arrangement for receiving statistics from said counters, a third arrangement for computing improved values of said parameters, and a fourth arrangement for adjusting said parameters, wherein said third arrangement is set up to compute said improved parameters at least partly based on desired ranges, said statistics from said counters and voltage to said x-ray source used by said first arrangement.

43. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 42, further comprising a pre-defined phantom or filter, intended to be located between said x-ray source and said line detectors during said irradiation, and said third arrangement being arrangement to compute parameters partly based on known physical properties of said phantom or filter.

44. The x-ray apparatus according to claim 33, wherein said apparatus further comprises an arrangement for producing an additional image without an additional irradiation, said arrangement being operable to produce said additional image without applying said energy subtracting operation.

45. A detector assembly for use in an x-ray apparatus comprising a set of line detectors, each of said line detectors being a linear array of photon counting channels, each of said channels comprising a photon conversion channel element being operatively arranged to convert an x-ray photon incident thereon to an electric pulse, said pulse having a strength depending on the energy of said x-ray photon, and having a connection arrangement for connection to a plurality of pulse counters, said first counters being operatively arranged to count said pulses which have a first range of pulse strength and said second counters being operatively arranged to count said pulses which have a second range of pulse strength lower than said first range.

46. A pulse counter arrangement for use in an x-ray apparatus, comprising a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, each row corresponding to a unique range of photon energy and each column connectable to a region in a photon conversion volume, said counter in each of said columns and each of said rows being operatively arranged to count photons from said region corresponding to said column and in said range corresponding to said row.

47. The pulse counter according to claim 46, being arranged as a matrix.