Bio-electrochemically assisted microbial reactor that generates hydrogen gas and methods of generating hydrogen gas

• US 7,491,453 B2
• Filed: 07/13/2005
• Issued: 02/17/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 07/14/2004
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Ion Power, Inc., Penn State Research Foundation
• Original Assignee: Ion Power, Inc., Penn State Research Foundation
• Inventors: Grot, Stephen, Liu, Hong, Logan, Bruce, Mallouk, Thomas E.
• Primary Examiner(s): Bell; Bruce F
• Application Number:
  US11/180,454
• Publication Number:
  US 20060011491A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,315 Days
• Field of Search: 429/2, 205/637, 205/638, 204/242, 204/252, 204/260, 204/263, 204/264, 204/266, 204/269, 204/270, 204/272, 204/275.1, 204/276, 204/278, 435/297.1, 435/298.1, 435/300.1, 422/305
• US Class Current: 429/2
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 2001/46133 characterised by the material
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 2001/46161 Porous electrodes
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 2201/46115 Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
• CPC Class Codes: C02F 3/005 Combined electrochemical biological processes aeration by electrolytically produced oxygen bubbles C02F3/202
• CPC Class Codes: C25B 1/02 Hydrogen or oxygen
• CPC Class Codes: C25B 9/00 Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/16 Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 8/186 by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells
• CPC Class Codes: Y02W 10/37 using solar energy

Abstract

Systems and processes for producing hydrogen using bacteria are described. One detailed process for producing hydrogen uses a system for producing hydrogen as described herein, the system including a reactor. Anodophilic bacteria are disposed within the interior of the reactor and an organic material oxidizable by an oxidizing activity of the anodophilic bacteria is introduced and incubated under oxidizing reactions conditions such that electrons are produced and transferred to the anode. A power source is activated to increase a potential between the anode and the cathode, such that electrons and protons combine to produce hydrogen gas. One system for producing hydrogen includes a reaction chamber having a wall defining an interior of the reactor and an exterior of the reaction chamber. An anode is provided which is at least partially contained within the interior of the reaction chamber and a cathode is also provided which is at least partially contained within the interior of the reaction chamber. The cathode is spaced apart at a distance in the range between 0.1-100 centimeters, inclusive, from the anode. A conductive conduit for electrons is provided which is in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode and a power source for enhancing an electrical potential between the anode and cathode is included which is in electrical communication at least with the cathode. A first channel defining a passage from the exterior of the reaction chamber to the interior of the reaction chamber is also included.

Claims

1. A system for producing hydrogen, comprising:

a reaction chamber having a wall defining an interior of the reaction chamber and an exterior of the reaction chamber;

an anode at least partially contained within the interior of the reaction chamber, wherein the anode is porous to a liquid containing an organic substrate for anodophilic bacteria and wherein the anode partitions the reaction chamber to define a first interior space and a second interior space;

a cathode at least partially contained within the second interior space of the reaction chamber, the cathode spaced apart at a distance in the range between 0.1-100 centimeters, inclusive, from the anode;

a conductive conduit for electrons in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode;

a power source for enhancing an electrical potential between the anode and cathode, the power source in electrical communication with the anode and cathode;

a first channel defining a passage from the exterior of the reaction chamber to the first interior space of the reaction chamber; and

a second channel defining a passage from the second interior space to the exterior of the reaction chamber, with the proviso that no separator is disposed between the anode and the cathode.

2. The system of claim 1 further comprising a cathode protective layer in contact with the cathode.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the cathode protective layer is a cathode diffusion layer.

4. The system of claim 3 wherein the cathode diffusion layer comprises a hydrophobic hydrogen permeable polymer material.

5. The system of claim 1 further comprising a proton exchange membrane interposed between the anode and the cathode.

6. The system of claim 1 further comprising a filter interposed between the anode and the cathode.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the first channel, the anode and the cathode are positioned such that a liquid containing an organic substrate for anodophilic bacteria introduced into the interior of the reaction chamber through the first channel passes through the anode prior to reaching the cathode.

8. The system of claim 1 wherein the anode and the cathode each have a longest dimension, and the anode and the cathode are positioned such that the longest dimension of the anode is at an angle in the range between 0 and 180 degrees, inclusive with respect to the longest dimension of the cathode.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the wall comprises a support structure for supporting an anode in contact with the support structure.

10. The system of claim 1 wherein the wall comprises a support structure for supporting a cathode in contact with the support structure.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein the support for a cathode is porous to hydrogen.

12. The system of claim 1 wherein the wail includes a structural portion and an electrode portion, the structural portion and the electrode portion in combination defining the interior of the reaction chamber.

13. The system of claim 1 wherein the cathode is a gas cathode having an inner cathode surface disposed in the interior of the reaction chamber and an outer cathode surface disposed exterior to the reaction chamber.

14. The system of claim 13 further comprising a cathode diffusion layer disposed on the outer surface of the cathode.

15. The system of claim 1 further comprising a hydrogen collection system.

16. The system of claim 1 wherein the anode has a total surface area and the interior of the reaction chamber has a total volume, wherein a ratio of the total surface area of the anode to the total volume of the interior of the reaction chamber is in the range of 1000:

1-1;

1 square meters per cubic meter, inclusive.

17. The system of claim 1 comprising a cathode protective layer disposed in the interior of the reaction chamber and not in contact with the cathode.

18. The system of claim 17 wherein the cathode protective layer comprises an anion exchange material.

19. The system of claim 18 wherein the anion exchange material is an anion exchange membrane.

20. A process for producing hydrogen, comprising:

providing a system for producing hydrogen according to claim 1, the system comprising a reactor having an interior;

providing anodophilic bacteria disposed within the interior of the reactor;

introducing an organic material oxidizable by an oxidizing activity of the anodophilic bacteria;

incubating the organic material oxidizable by the anodophilic bacteria under oxidizing reactions conditions such that electrons are produced and transferred to the anode;

activating a power source to increase a potential between the anode and the cathode, such that electrons and protons combine to produce hydrogen gas.

21. The process of claim 20 wherein the activation of the power source includes application of a voltage in the range of 25-1600 millivolts.

22. The process of claim 20 wherein the incubating the organic material oxidizable by the anodophilic bacteria under oxidizing reactions conditions comprises incubation at an ambient temperature in the range of 15-24°

C., inclusive.

23. The process of claim 20 wherein the incubating the organic material oxidizable by the anodophilic bacteria under oxidizing reactions conditions comprises incubation in a medium having an ionic strength in the range of 50-500 millimolar.

24. The process of claim 20 wherein the incubating the organic material oxidizable by the anodophilic bacteria under oxidizing reactions conditions comprises maintenance of substantially anaerobic conditions.

25. A system for producing hydrogen, comprising:

a reaction chamber having a wall defining an interior of the reaction chamber and an exterior of the reaction chamber;

a plurality of anodophilic bacteria disposed in the reaction chamber;

an anode at least partially contained within the interior of the reaction chamber;

a cathode at least partially contained within the interior of the reaction chamber, the cathode having a surface disposed in the interior of the reaction chamber;

an anion exchange material disposed in the interior of the reaction chamber and forming a barrier to movement of a gas between the anode and the cathode;

a conductive conduit for electrons in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode;

a power source for enhancing an electrical potential between the anode and cathode, the power source in electrical communication with the anode and cathode; and

a first channel defining a passage from the exterior of the reaction chamber to the interior of the reaction chamber.

26. The system of claim 25 wherein the gas is carbon dioxide.