Holey optical fiber with random pattern of holes and method for making same

• US 7,567,742 B2
• Filed: 10/30/2007
• Issued: 07/28/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 10/30/2003
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Virginia Tech Intellectual Properties, Inc.
• Inventors: Kim, Jeong I., Pickrell, Gary, Kominsky, Daniel, Wang, Anbo, Stolen, Roger, Safaai-Jazi, Ahmad
• Primary Examiner(s): HEALY, BRIAN
• Application Number:
  US11/929,058
• Publication Number:
  US 20080056657A1
• Time in Patent Office: 637 Days
• Field of Search: 385/12, 385/123, 385/122, 385/124, 385/125, 385/126, 385/127, 385/141, 385/144, 385/142, 385/13, 385/128, 385/143, 385/145, 653/85, 653/99, 65388-382, 65394-398, 65400-401, 65413-435, 250/227.11, 250/227.16, 250/227.14, 250/227.18
• US Class Current: 385/125
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 2203/14 Non-solid, i.e. hollow products, e.g. hollow clad or with core-clad interface
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 2203/42 Photonic crystal fibres, e.g. fibres using the photonic bandgap PBG effect, microstructured or holey optical fibres
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/01297 by melting glass powder in a mould
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/016 by a liquid phase reaction process, e.g. through a gel phase
• CPC Class Codes: C03B 37/02781 Hollow fibres, e.g. holey fibres
• CPC Class Codes: C03C 11/007 Foam glass, e.g. obtained by incorporating a blowing agent and heating
• CPC Class Codes: C03C 13/04 Fibre optics, e.g. core and clad fibre compositions light guides G02B6/00
• CPC Class Codes: G01L 1/243 using means for applying force perpendicular to the fibre axis
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02295 Microstructured optical fibre polarisation properties thereof G02B6/105 and G02B6/024
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02333 Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02338 Structured core, e.g. core contains more than one material, non-constant refractive index distribution in core, asymmetric or non-circular elements in core unit, multiple cores, insertions between core and clad
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02357 Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02366 Single ring of structures, e.g. "air clad"
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/02385 Comprising liquid, e.g. fluid filled holes
• CPC Class Codes: G02B 6/032 with non solid core or cladding G02B6/02295 takes precedence

Abstract

A random array of holes is created in an optical fiber by gas generated during fiber drawing. The gas forms bubbles which are drawn into long, microscopic holes. The gas is created by a gas generating material such as silicon nitride. Silicon nitride oxidizes to produce nitrogen oxides when heated. The gas generating material can alternatively be silicon carbide or other nitrides or carbides. The random holes can provide cladding for optical confinement when located around a fiber core. The random holes can also be present in the fiber core. The fibers can be made of silica. The present random hole fibers are particularly useful as pressure sensors since they experience a large wavelength dependant increase in optical loss when pressure or force is applied.

Claims

1. An optical fiber, comprising:

a holey region with a random and non-uniform array of holes created by a gas generated during fiber drawing, wherein the random and non-uniform array of holes varies along a length of the optical fiber.

2. The optical fiber of claim 1, further comprising a solid core surrounded by the holey region.

3. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the gas generated during fiber drawing includes an oxidation product of silicon nitride.

4. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the holey region comprises a core and a cladding, and wherein the core has a lower porosity than the cladding.

5. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the holey region comprises a core of the optical fiber.

6. The optical fiber of claim 1 further comprising a hole formed from a drawn hollow glass tube.

7. The optical fiber of claim 1 further comprising a solid area surrounding the holey region.

8. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the gas is an oxidation product of a nitride material, a carbide material, a metal nitrate material or a metal carbonate material.

9. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the holes contain the gas generated during fiber drawing.

10. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the gas includes at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.

11. The optical fiber of claim 1 further comprising an optical detector coupled to the fiber, operable for detecting pressure applied to the optical fiber.

12. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the holey region has a non-uniform hole distribution.

13. The optical fiber of claim 1 wherein the holey region is confined within a drawn hollow glass tube.

57. The optical fiber of claim 1, wherein the optical fiber comprises a core having a first refractive index and a cladding region having a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

14. An optical fiber, comprising:

a) a core;

b) a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a random and non-uniform array of holes containing a gas, wherein the random and non-uniform array of holes varies along a length of the optical fiber.

15. The optical fiber of claim 14 further comprising a solid tube surrounding the cladding region.

16. The optical fiber of claim 14 wherein the gas is created from a gas generating material selected from the group consisting of nitrides, carbides, metal nitrates and metal carbonates.

17. The optical fiber of claim 14 wherein the gas includes at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.

18. The optical fiber of claim 14 wherein the core includes a plurality of holes containing a gas.

19. The optical fiber of claim 14 further comprising an optical detector coupled to the fiber, operable for detecting pressure applied to the optical fiber.

20. The optical fiber of claim 14 wherein the cladding region further comprises a hole formed from a drawn hollow glass tube.

21. The optical fiber of claim 14 wherein the holey region has a non-uniform hole distribution.

58. The optical fiber of claim 14, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

22. A pressure or force sensor, comprising:

an optical fiber having a holey region with a random and non-uniform array of holes, wherein the holes are created by gas generated during fiber drawing, wherein the random and non-uniform array of holes varies along a length of the optical fiber; and

an optical detector coupled to the optical fiber, operable for detecting pressure applied to the optical fiber.

23. The pressure sensor of claim 22, further comprising a light emitter coupled to the fiber so that the optical detector detects light emitted by the emitter and transmitted through the optical fiber.

24. The pressure sensor of claim 22, wherein the detector detects light with a wavelength in the range of 300-1700 nanometers.

25. The pressure sensor of claim 22, wherein the optical fiber comprises a solid core disposed within the holey region, so that the holey region functions as a cladding.

59. The pressure or force sensor of claim 22, wherein the optical fiber comprises a core having a first refractive index and a cladding region having a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

26. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber.

60. The optical fiber of claim 26, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

27. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas consists substantially of N₂.

61. The optical fiber of claim 27, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

28. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas consists substantially of CO₂.

62. The optical fiber of claim 28, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

29. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas consists substantially of carbon monoxide.

63. The optical fiber of claim 29, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

30. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas consists substantially of nitrogen oxides.

64. The optical fiber of claim 30, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

31. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas includes at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.

65. The optical fiber of claim 31, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

32. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas consists substantially of N₂.

66. The optical fiber of claim 32, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

33. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas consists substantially of CO₂.

67. The optical fiber of claim 33, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

34. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas consists substantially of carbon monoxide.

68. The optical fiber of claim 34, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

35. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas consists substantially of nitrogen oxides.

69. The optical fiber of claim 35, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

36. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas comprises at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.

70. The optical fiber of claim 36, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

37. A preform for forming an optical fiber, the preform comprising:

a tube of an optical material; and

a powder comprising the optical material and a gas-generating material, the powder being enclosed in the tube.

38. The preform of claim 37, further comprising a rod of the optical material surrounded by the powder.

39. The preform of claim 37, wherein the gas-generating material is a nitride, carbide, metal nitrate or metal carbonate.

40. A method for forming an optical fiber, the method comprising:

(a) providing a preform; and

(b) forming the optical fiber from the preform so as to form a holey region with a random and non-uniform array of holes, wherein the random and non-uniform array of holes varies along a length of the optical fiber.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the holes contain a gas.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the gas consists substantially of N₂.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the gas consists substantially of CO₂.

44. The method of claim 41, wherein the gas consists substantially of carbon monoxide.

45. The method of claim 41, wherein the gas consists substantially of nitrogen oxides.

46. The method of claim 41, wherein the gas includes at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.

71. The method of claim 40, wherein the optical fiber is formed to comprise a core having a first refractive index and a cladding region having a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

47. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes randomly located along an axis of the optical fiber, and wherein cross-sections taken at different points along the axis of the fiber have differing random hole patterns and differing random hole sizes.

48. The optical fiber of claim 47, wherein the holes comprise holes which are no larger in diameter than five microns.

49. The optical fiber of claim 47, wherein the holes contain an inert gas.

50. The optical fiber of claim 47, wherein the holes contain a gas which is at least one of N₂, CO₂, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides.

51. The optical fiber of claim 50, wherein the gas consists substantially of N₂.

52. The optical fiber of claim 50, wherein the gas consists substantially of CO₂.

53. The optical fiber of claim 50, wherein the gas consists substantially of carbon monoxide.

54. The optical fiber of claim 50, wherein the gas consists substantially of nitrogen oxides.

72. The optical fiber of claim 47, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

73. The optical fiber of claim 49, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

55. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, wherein the gas consists substantially of an inert gas.

74. The optical fiber of claim 55, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.

56. An optical fiber, comprising:

a core; and

a cladding region surrounding the core, wherein the cladding region includes a plurality of holes containing a gas, said holes varying in location along the axis of said fiber and said gas consists substantially of an inert gas.

75. The optical fiber of claim 56, wherein the core has a first refractive index, and wherein the cladding region has a second refractive index which is lower than said first refractive index.