Method for measurement of analyte concentrations and semiconductor laser-pumped, small-cavity fiber lasers for such measurements and other applications

• US 7,633,621 B2
• Filed: 09/18/2007
• Issued: 12/15/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 04/11/2003
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: Robert L. Thornton
• Original Assignee: Robert L. Thornton
• Inventors: Thornton, Robert L.
• Primary Examiner(s): Chowdhury; Tarifur R.
• Assistant Examiner(s): Akanbi; Isiaka O
• Application Number:
  US11/857,207
• Publication Number:
  US 20080086038A1
• Time in Patent Office: 819 Days
• Field of Search: 356/432, 72/26, 372/98, 372/22, 372/46
• US Class Current: 356/432
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14532 for measuring glucose, e.g. by tissue impedance measurement
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/14546 for measuring analytes not otherwise provided for, e.g. ions, cytochromes
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/1455 using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/4338 Frequency modulated spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01N 21/255 Details, e.g. use of specially adapted sources, lighting or optical systems
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/067 Fibre lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06704 Housings; Packages
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06708 Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering optical fibres as passive waveguides G02B6/02
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/06716 Fibre compositions per se C03C13/04or doping with active elements lasing materials in general H01S3/14
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/0675 Resonators including a grating structure, e.g. distributed Bragg reflectors [DBR] or distributed feedback [DFB] fibre lasers
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/0809 Two-wavelenghth emission
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/094042 of a fibre laser
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/09415 the pumping beam being parallel to the lasing mode of the pumped medium, e.g. end-pumping
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1022 by controlling the optical pumping
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1603 rare earth
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/1616 thulium
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/2383 Parallel arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 3/2391 emitting at different wavelengths
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/026 Monolithically integrated components, e.g. waveguides, monitoring photo-detectors, drivers stabilisation of output H01S5/06
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/146 using a fiber as external cavity
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/147 : having specially shaped fibre, e.g. lensed or tapered end portion
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/183 : having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
• CPC Class Codes: H01S 5/18305 : with emission through the substrate, i.e. bottom emission

Abstract

A hybrid laser comprising a semiconductor pump laser and small-cavity rare earth fiber laser where laser cavities of both lasers are butt coupled or otherwise optically coupled to form a plurality of laser cavities that produce a plurality of emission wavelengths, one which may be the pump laser emission wavelength at the output of the fiber laser thereby forming a multi-wavelength combined output. The wavelengths in such an output may substantially match distinguishing spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under examination providing a method of determining the concentration of an analyte in a specimen undergoing examination.

Claims

1. A method of determining the concentration of an analyte in a specimen comprising the steps of:

providing a hybrid laser that comprises a first and second laser for producing at a single output a plurality of emission wavelengths that substantially match distinguishing wavelength spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte;

modulating the first laser with a plurality of tone frequencies where at least one of said tone frequencies is above a maximum frequency response of the second laser so that at least one emission wavelength from the second laser is not modulated by a tone frequency;

applying the modulated output emission wavelengths to the specimen under examination;

detecting radiation reflected, scattered or passed through the specimen;

producing a set of values representative of wavelength spectral characteristic features of the analyte within the characteristic optical spectrum portion from the applied modulated output emission wavelengths and the detected reflected radiation; and

determining the differences in the produced set of values with predetermined reference values representative of desired wavelength spectral characteristic features of the analyte to produce a final value representative of a measurement of concentration of the analyte in the specimen.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the wavelength spectral characteristic features are amplitude absorption values at the absorption peaks along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of determining includes the steps of:

multiplying each of the set of values with a weighted value; and

thereafter average the weighted values to produce a final value representative of a measurement of concentration of the analyte in the specimen.

4. The method of claim 1 comprising the further step of providing the first laser to be a semiconductor laser and the second laser to be a fiber laser.

5. The method of claim 1 comprising the further step of modulating the hybrid laser with a plurality of tone frequencies.

6. The method of claim 1 comprising the step of providing the first laser to have an emission wavelength to pump the second laser.

7. The method of claim 1 comprising the further step of providing one of the emission wavelengths in the hybrid laser output to be an emission wavelength of the first laser.

8. The method of claim 1 comprising the further step of providing the second laser to have a maximum frequency response below that of the first laser;

and

applying tone frequencies to modulate the hybrid laser where at least one of the tone frequencies is non-responsive to modulating at least one of the emission wavelengths from the second laser.

9. The method of claim 1 comprising the further step of providing one of the emission wavelengths in the hybrid laser output to be an emission wavelength of the first laser.

10. An optical spectroscopy apparatus for determining the concentration of analyte in a specimen that utilizes a radiation source comprising at least one combination of a semiconductor pump laser and small-cavity fiber laser where laser cavities of both lasers are butt coupled to provide a plurality of laser resonant cavities where the cavities are all, at least in part, formed by fiber Bragg gratings formed in the core of the laser fiber that produce a plurality of emission wavelengths at a same output of the butt coupled laser that are designed to substantially match distinguishing spectral characteristic features along at least a portion of a characteristic optical spectrum of the analyte under determination.

11. The optical spectroscopy apparatus of claim 10 wherein the fiber laser comprises a rare earth doped fiber wherein the fiber Bragg gratings are formed near or at the fiber ends employing a femtosecond pulsed infrared laser process.

12. A multi-cavity laser having a multi-wavelength output at one end, comprising a semiconductor pump laser optically coupled to a short cavity fiber laser having a rare earth doped core, the multi-cavity laser having a first resonator cavity formed by the laser cavities of the semiconductor laser and the fiber laser via a first mirror at one end of the semiconductor laser cavity and a mirror at the one end and at least one second resonator cavity formed in the fiber laser cavity with, respectively, a second and third mirror at each end of the fiber lasing cavity forming the second resonator cavity, the first, second and third mirrors formed as fiber Bragg gratings in the rare earth doped core.

13. The multi-cavity laser of claim 12 wherein the doped fiber core of the short cavity fiber laser provides for at least two cascaded transitions where the second and third mirrors as well as fourth and fifth mirrors also at or near the ends of the fiber laser cavity provide at the multiwavelength output two wavelengths generated from a two-step cascade transition.

14. The multi-cavity laser of claim 13 further comprising a third wavelength is provided at the output at a wavelength of the semiconductor pump laser.

15. The multi-cavity laser of claim 13 further comprising a third wavelength provided at a nonradiative multiphonon transition in the two-step two cascaded transition.