Variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device

• US 7,892,217 B2
• Filed: 03/03/2006
• Issued: 02/22/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 04/10/2005
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: UroSense Medical, LLC
• Original Assignee: Future Path Medical, LLC (Future Path Medical Holding Company, LLC)
• Inventors: Boiarski, Tony
• Primary Examiner(s): HAND, MELANIE JO
• Application Number:
  US11/367,822
• Publication Number:
  US 20060229575A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,817 Days
• Field of Search: 604/317, 604/318, 732/90.R, 733/04.R
• US Class Current: 604/318
• CPC Class Codes: A61F 5/4404 Details or parts
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/69 Drainage containers not being adapted for subjection to vacuum, e.g. bags devices worn by the patient for reception of urine A61F5/44
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 1/98 Containers specifically adapted for negative pressure wound therapy
• CPC Class Codes: A61M 2205/3389 Continuous level detection A61M2205/3393 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/24 by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid
• CPC Class Codes: G01F 23/242 Mounting arrangements for electrodes

Abstract

A liquid measurement device having a containment structure, a sensor, and an interface device, having particular applicability to the collection and administration of electrically conductive fluids. The device is configured to house and monitor the height of a fluid. The containment structure has at least one variable cross-section portion. The sensor has two cooperating variable resistance sections that account for the variable cross-section of the containment structure. The electrical resistance of the sensor changes as the fluid height changes and shorts out a portion of the sensor. The sensor may include an electrically conductive ink that is printed on the interior of the containment structure. The sensor receives an electrical measurement signal and modifies the signal in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid within the containment structure. The device is useful in measuring the amount of fluid in urine collection bags and intravenous bags.

Claims

1. A variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) for housing a fluid (10) and monitoring a fluid height (14) of a surface (12) of the fluid (10), wherein the liquid measurement device (1) is in fluid communication with an external fluid channel (500), comprising:

A) a containment structure (100), having an interior (106), for housing the fluid (10), having,

(i) a distal end (102);

(ii) a proximal end (104) separated from the distal end (102) by a containment structure length (108);

(iii) at least one containment wall (120), joining the containment structure distal end (102) and the containment structure proximal end (104), having a wall thickness (122), an interior surface (124), and an exterior surface (126), wherein the containment wall (120) defines a maximum containment volume sealed from the exterior environment;

(iv) a port (110) attached to the containment wall (120) and configured to releasably connect to the external fluid channel (500) thereby permitting fluid communication between the containment structure interior (106) and the exterior fluid channel (500);

(v) a constant cross-section portion (130) having a constant cross-section (132);

(vi) a variable cross-section portion (140) formed by a convergence of the containment wall (120) at a convergence angle (144), and having a variable cross-section (142) and a transition length (146);

B) a sensor (200) located within the containment structure interior (106) that modifies an electrical measurement signal (202) in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid (10) within the containment structure (10), having,

(i) a primary portion (210) having,

(a) a primary portion distal end (212),

(b) a primary portion proximal end (214),

(c) a primary portion length (216),

(d) a primary portion width (218),

(e) a primary portion thickness (219),

(f) a primary portion constant resistance section (220) having a primary portion constant resistance section length (222), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion constant resistance section (220) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and

(g) a primary portion variable resistance section (230) having a primary portion variable resistance section length (232), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) when the primary portion variable resistance section (230) is outside the fluid;

(ii) a secondary portion (260), in electrical communication with the primary portion (210) when the primary portion (210) and secondary portion (260) are outside the fluid, having,

(a) a secondary portion distal end (262),

(b) a secondary portion proximal end (264),

(c) a secondary portion length (266),

(d) a secondary portion width (268),

(e) a secondary portion thickness (269),

(f) a secondary portion constant resistance section (270) having a secondary portion constant resistance section length (272), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion constant resistance section (270) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and

(g) a secondary portion variable resistance section (280) having a secondary portion variable resistance section length (282), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) when the secondary variable resistance section (280) is outside the fluid; and

C) an interface device (300) having an interior interface portion (310) located substantially in the containment structure interior (106), and an exterior interface portion (320) located substantially external to the containment structure (100), wherein the interior interface portion (310) is connected to a portion of the primary portion (210) and a portion of the secondary portion (260), and wherein the measurement signal (202) is transmitted between the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320).

2. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the primary portion constant resistance section (220) is located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), the primary portion variable resistance section (230) is located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100), secondary portion constant resistance section (260) is located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), and the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) is located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100).

3. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 2, wherein the primary portion width (218) and the primary portion thickness (219) are substantially constant over the primary portion constant resistance section length (222), and the secondary portion width (268) and the secondary portion thickness (269) are substantially constant over the secondary portion constant resistance section length (272).

4. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 2, wherein the primary portion width (218) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230), and the secondary portion width (268) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280).

5. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 4, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases, from a primary portion initiation width (234) to a primary portion termination width (236), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases, and the secondary portion width (268) increases, from a secondary portion initiation width (284) to a secondary portion termination width (286), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases.

6. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 5, wherein the primary portion width (218) from the primary portion initiation width (234) to the primary portion termination width (236) is substantially the same as the secondary portion width (268) from the secondary portion initiation width (284) to the secondary portion termination width (286).

7. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 5, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases m a substantially quadratic fashion from the primary portion initiation width (234) to the primary portion termination width (236), and the secondary portion width (268) increases in a substantially quadratic fashion from the secondary portion initiation width (284) to the secondary portion termination width (286).

8. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the electrical measurement signal (202) changes substantially linearly with changes in the fluid height in the variable cross-section portion (140).

9. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the primary portion thickness (219) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230), and the secondary portion thickness (269) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280).

10. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the sensor (200) further includes a shunt portion (290) connecting the primary portion distal end (212) to the secondary portion distal end (262).

11. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) is greater than 1000 ohms per centimeter.

12. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) are formed of conductive ink.

13. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 12, wherein the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) are printed on the containment wall interior surface (124).

14. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the containment structure (100) is constructed of a pliable material.

15. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, further including a data acquisition device (400) in electrical communication with the interface device (300), wherein the data acquisition device (400) generates the measurement signal (202) and analyzes changes in the measurement signal (202).

16. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 15, wherein the containment structure (100) further includes an auxiliary mounting pocket (150) to releasably house the data acquisition device (400).

17. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 15, wherein the data acquisition device (400) includes a wireless transmitter (410).

18. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 1, wherein the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320) are capacitively coupled across the containment wall (120) to transmit the measurement signal (202).

19. A variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) for housing a fluid (10) and monitoring a fluid height (14) of a surface (12) of the fluid (10), wherein the liquid measurement device (1) is in fluid communication with an external fluid channel (500), comprising:

A) a containment structure (100), having an interior (106), for housing the fluid (10), having,

(i) a distal end (102);

(ii) a proximal end (104) separated from the distal end (102) by a containment structure length (108);

(iii) at least one containment wall (120), joining the containment structure distal end (102) and the containment structure proximal end (104), having a wall thickness (122), an interior surface (124), and an exterior surface (126), wherein the containment wall (120) defines a maximum containment volume sealed from the exterior environment;

(iv) a port (110) attached to the containment wall (120) and configured to releasably connect to the external fluid channel (500) thereby permitting fluid communication between the containment structure interior (106) and the exterior fluid channel (500);

(v) a constant cross-section portion (130) having a constant cross-section (132);

(vi) a variable cross-section portion (140) formed by a convergence of the containment wall (120) at a convergence angle (144), and having a variable cross-section (142) and a transition length (146);

B) a sensor (200) located within the containment structure interior (106) that modifies an electrical measurement signal (202) in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid (10) within the containment structure (10), having,

(i) a primary portion (210) having,

(a) a primary portion distal end (212),

(b) a primary portion proximal end (214),

(c) a primary portion length (216),

(d) a primary portion width (218),

(e) a primary portion thickness (219),

(f) a primary portion constant resistance section (220), located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), having a primary portion constant resistance section length (222), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion constant resistance section (220) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and

(g) a primary portion variable resistance section (230), located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100), having a primary portion variable resistance section length (232), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) when the primary portion variable resistance section (230) is outside the fluid;

(ii) a secondary portion (260), in electrical communication with the primary portion (210) when the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) are outside the fluid, having,

(a) a secondary portion distal end (262),

(b) a secondary portion proximal end (264),

(c) a secondary portion length (266),

(d) a secondary portion width (268),

(e) a secondary portion thickness (269),

(f) a secondary portion constant resistance section (270), located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), having a secondary portion constant resistance section length (272), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion constant resistance section (270) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and

(g) a secondary portion variable resistance section (280), located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100), having a secondary portion variable resistance section length (282), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) when the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) is outside the fluid; and

C) an interlace device (300) having an interior interface portion (310) located substantially in the containment structure interior (106), and an exterior interface portion (320) located substantially external to the containment structure (100), wherein the interior interface portion (310) is connected to a portion of the primary portion (210) and a portion of the secondary portion (260), and wherein the measurement signal (202) is transmitted between the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320).

20. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 19, wherein the primary portion width (218) and the primary portion thickness (219) are substantially constant over the primary portion constant resistance section length (222), and the secondary portion width (268) and the secondary portion thickness (269) are substantially constant over the secondary portion constant resistance section length (272).

21. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 19, wherein the primary portion width (218) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230), and the secondary portion width (268) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280).

22. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 21, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases, from a primary portion initiation width (234) to a primary portion termination width (236), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases, and the secondary portion width (268) increases, from a secondary portion initiation width (284) to a secondary portion termination width (286), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases.

23. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 21, wherein the primary portion width (218) from the primary portion initiation width (234) to the primary portion termination width (236) is substantially the same as the secondary portion width (268) from the secondary portion initiation width (284) to the secondary portion termination width (286).

24. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 21, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases in a substantially quadratic fashion from the primary portion initiation width (234) to the primary portion termination width (236), and the secondary portion width (268) increases in a substantially quadratic fashion from the secondary portion initiation width (284) to the secondary portion termination width (286).

25. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 19, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the electrical measurement signal (202) changes substantially linearly with changes in the fluid height in the variable cross-section portion (140).

26. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 19, wherein the primary portion thickness (219) vanes over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230), and the secondary portion thickness (269) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280).

27. A variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) for housing a fluid (10) and monitoring a fluid height (14) of a surface (12) of the fluid (10), wherein the liquid measurement device (1) is in fluid communication with an external fluid channel (500), comprising:

A) a containment structure (100), having an interior (106), for housing the fluid (10), having,

(i) a distal end (102);

(ii) a proximal end (104) separated from the distal end (102) by a containment structure length (108);

(iii) at least one containment wall (120), joining the containment structure distal end (102) and the containment structure proximal end (104), having a wall thickness (122), an interior surface (124), and an exterior surface (126), wherein the containment wall (120) defines a maximum containment volume sealed from the exterior environment;

(iv) a port (110) attached to the containment wall (120) and configured to releasably connect to the external fluid channel (500) thereby permitting fluid communication between the containment structure interior (106) and the exterior fluid channel (500);

(v) a constant cross-section portion (130) having a constant cross-section (132);

(vi) a variable cross-section portion (140) formed by a convergence of the containment wall (120) at a convergence angle (144), and having a variable cross-section (142) and a transition length (146);

B) a sensor (200) located within the containment structure interior (106) that modifies an electrical measurement signal (202) in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid (10) within the containment structure (10), having,

(i) a primary portion (210) having,

(a) a primary portion distal end (212),

(b) a primary portion proximal end (214),

(c) a primary portion length (216),

(d) a primary portion width (218),

(e) a primary portion thickness (219),

(f) a primary portion constant resistance section (220), located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), having a primary portion constant resistance section length (222), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion constant resistance section (220) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and wherein the primary portion width (218) and the primary portion thickness (219) are substantially constant over the primary portion constant resistance section length (222), and

(g) a primary portion variable resistance section (230), located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100), having a primary portion variable resistance section length (232), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) when the primary portion variable resistance section (230) is outside the fluid and the primary portion width (218) increases over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) as the variable cross-section (142) decreases;

(ii) a secondary portion (260), in electrical communication with the primary portion (210) when the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) are outside the fluid, having,

(a) a secondary portion distal end (262),

(b) a secondary portion proximal end (264),

(c) a secondary portion length (266),

(d) a secondary portion width (268),

(e) a secondary portion thickness (269),

(f) a secondary portion constant resistance section (270), located substantially within the constant cross-section portion (130) of the containment structure (100), having a secondary portion constant resistance section length (272), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion constant resistance section (270) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) is substantially constant, and wherein the secondary portion width (268) and the secondary portion thickness (269) are substantially constant over the secondary portion constant resistance section length (272), and

(g) a secondary portion variable resistance section (280), located substantially within the variable cross-section portion (140) of the containment structure (100), having a secondary portion variable resistance section length (282), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) when the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) is outside the fluid and the secondary portion width (268) increases over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) as the variable cross-section (142) decreases; and

C) an interface device (300) having an interior interface portion (310) located substantially in the containment structure interior (106), and an exterior interface portion (320) located substantially external to the containment structure (100), wherein the interior interface portion (310) is connected to a portion of the primary portion (210) and a portion of the secondary portion (260), and wherein the measurement signal (202) is transmitted between the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320), and wherein a predetermined characteristic of the electrical measurement signal (202) changes substantially linearly with changes in the fluid height in the variable cross-section portion (140).

28. A variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) for housing a fluid (10) and monitoring a fluid height (14) of a surface (12) of the fluid (10), wherein the liquid measurement device (1) is in fluid communication with an external fluid channel (500), comprising:

A) a containment structure (100), having an interior (106), for housing the fluid (10), having,

(i) a distal end (102);

(ii) a proximal end (104) separated from the distal end (102) by a containment structure length (108);

(iii) at least one containment wall (120), joining the containment structure distal end (102) and the containment structure proximal end (104), having a wall thickness (122), an interior surface (124), and an exterior surface (126), wherein the containment wall (120) defines a maximum containment volume sealed from the exterior environment;

(iv) a port (110) attached to the containment wall (120) and configured to releasably connect to the external fluid channel (500) thereby permitting fluid communication between the containment structure interior (106) and the exterior fluid channel (500);

(v) a variable cross-section portion (140) formed by a convergence of the containment wall (120) at a convergence angle (144), and having a variable cross-section (142) and a transition length (146);

B) a sensor (200) located within the containment structure interior (106) that modifies an electrical measurement signal (202) in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid (10) within the containment structure (10), having,

(i) a primary portion (210) having,

(a) a primary portion distal end (212),

(b) a primary portion proximal end (214),

(c) a primary portion length (216),

(d) a primary portion width (218),

(e) a primary portion thickness (219), and

(f) a primary portion variable resistance section (230) having a primary portion variable resistance section length (232), wherein the electrical resistance of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230) when the primary portion variable resistance section (230) is outside the fluid;

(ii) a secondary portion (260), in electrical communication with the primary portion (210) when the primary portion (210) and the secondary portion (260) is outside the fluid, having,

(a) a secondary portion distal end (262),

(b) a secondary portion proximal end (264),

(c) a secondary portion length (266),

(d) a secondary portion width (268),

(e) a secondary portion thickness (269), and

(f) a secondary portion variable resistance section (280) having a secondary portion variable resistance section length (282), wherein the electrical resistance of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) per unit length of the containment structure length (108) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) when the secondary portion variable resistance section (280) is outside the fluid; and

C) an interface device (300) having an interior interface portion (310) located substantially in the containment structure interior (106), and an exterior interface portion (320) located substantially external to the containment structure (100), wherein the interior interface portion (310) is connected to a portion of the primary portion (210) and a portion of the secondary portion (260), and wherein the measurement signal (202) is transmitted between the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320).

29. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 28, wherein the primary portion width (218) varies over at least a portion of the primary portion variable resistance section (230), and the secondary portion width (268) varies over at least a portion of the secondary portion variable resistance section (280).

30. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 29, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases, from a primary portion initiation width (234) to a primary portion termination width (236), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases, and the secondary portion width (268) increases, from a secondary portion initiation width (284) to a secondary portion termination width (286), as the variable cross-section (142) decreases.

31. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 30, wherein the primary portion width (218) increases in a substantially quadratic fashion from the primary portion initiation width (234) to the primary portion termination width (236), and the secondary portion width (268) increases in a substantially quadratic fashion from the secondary portion initiation width (284) to the secondary portion termination width (286).

32. The variable cross-section containment structure liquid measurement device (1) of claim 28, wherein a predetermined characteristic of the electrical measurement signal (202) changes substantially linearly with changes in the fluid height in the variable cross-section portion (140).

33. A liquid measurement device (1) for housing a fluid (10) and monitoring a fluid height (14) of a surface (12) of the fluid (10), comprising:

A) a containment structure (100), having an interior (106), for housing the fluid (10), having,

(i) a distal end (102); and

(ii) a proximal end (104) separated from the distal end (102) by a containment structure length (108); and

B) a sensor (200) located within the containment structure interior (106) that modifies an electrical measurement signal (202) in a predetermined manner to reflect the amount of fluid (10) within the containment structure, having,

(i) a vertical primary portion (210) extending along the length of the containment structure (100) between the distal end (102) and the proximal end (104) of the containment structure (100) with a total resistance R(210), the vertical primary portion (210) having a distal end (212) and a proximal end (214);

(ii) a vertical secondary portion (260) extending along the length of the containment structure (100) between the distal end (102) and the proximal end (104) of the containment structure (100) with a total resistance R(260), the vertical secondary portion (260) having a distal end (262) and a proximal end (264);

(iii) a horizontal shunt portion (290) interconnecting the distal ends (212, 262) of the vertical primary and secondary portions (210, 260) with a total resistance R(290), and

the sensor (200) having a total sensor resistance R(200) equal to the sum of the resistances R(210), R(290) and R(260).

C) an interface device (300) having an interior interface portion (310) located substantially in the containment structure interior (106), and an exterior interface portion (320) located substantially external to the containment structure (100), wherein the interior interface portion (310) is connected to a portion of the primary portion (210) and a portion of the secondary portion (260), and wherein the measurement signal (202) is transmitted between the interior interface portion (310) and the exterior interface portion (320).

34. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 33, wherein the containment structure (100) includes a variable cross-section portion (140), the vertical primary portion (210) of the sensor (200) having a variable resistance per unit length section (230) located within the variable cross-section portion of the containment structure.

35. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 34 wherein the vertical secondary portion (260) of the sensor (200) has a variable resistance per unit length section (280) located within the variable cross-section portion of the containment structure.

36. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 35 wherein the containment structure (100) includes a constant cross-section portion (130) having a constant cross-section (132), the vertical primary portion (210) of the sensor having a constant resistance per unit length section (220) located within the constant cross-section portion of the containment structure, the vertical secondary portion (260) having a constant resistance per unit length section (270) located within the constant cross-section portion of the containment structure.

37. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 35 wherein the proximal ends (214, 264) of the vertical primary and secondary portions (210, 260) convey the sensor resistance R(200) to an external circuit for measurement of liquid height (14), the total sensor resistance R(200) remaining constant when there is no fluid in the containment structure, the total sensor resistance R(200) decreasing as fluid covers first the shunt resistor (290) and then covers increasing lengths of the vertical primary and secondary portions (210, 260), the variable resistance per unit length sections (230, 280) of the vertical primary and secondary portions (210, 260) having a predetermined variation in the resistance per unit length to account for variations in the cross-sectional area of the variable cross-section containment structure whereby the predetermined variation in resistance per unit length renders a linear output signal (202).

38. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 33 wherein the total resistance R(290) of the horizontal shunt portion (290) is at least 0.5% of the total sensor resistance R(200) of the sensor (200).

39. The liquid measurement device (1) of claim 33 wherein the vertical primary portion (210), the vertical secondary portion (260) and the horizontal shunt portion (290) are one continuous electrode.