System and method for charging a plug-in electric vehicle

• US 8,054,039 B2
• Filed: 12/19/2008
• Issued: 11/08/2011
• Est. Priority Date: 12/19/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLC (General Motors Company)
• Original Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLC (General Motors Company)
• Inventors: Wolak, Jeffrey T., Newhouse, Vernon L., Bauerle, Paul A.
• Primary Examiner(s): WHITTINGTON, KENNETH
• Application Number:
  US12/340,079
• Publication Number:
  US 20100156355A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,054 Days
• Field of Search: 320/109, 320/145, 320/132, 320/152, 320/157, 320/158, 320/159, 320/162, 320/163, 320/164, 903/903, 903/907, 180/65.1, 180/65.21, 180/65.29
• US Class Current: 320/109
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2210/30 AC to DC converters
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/525 Temperature of converter or components thereof
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/545 Temperature
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/547 Voltage
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2240/549 Current
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2260/46 by self learning
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 3/003 relating to inverters
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 50/64 Constructional details of batteries specially adapted for electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/11 DC charging controlled by the charging station, e.g. mode 4
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/14 Conductive energy transfer
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/305 Communication interfaces
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/51 Photovoltaic means
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/52 Wind-driven generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/00714 in response to battery charging or discharging current
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/007182 in response to battery voltage
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/007194 of the battery
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/04 Regulation of charging current or voltage
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/72 Electric energy management in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 : Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 : Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/16 : Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles

Abstract

A battery charging system and method for charging a plug-in electric vehicle with power from an external power source, such as a standard 110 volt or 220 volt AC wall outlet. The method senses various internal and external conditions and uses this information to charge the plug-in electric vehicle in an optimum fashion that reduces charging time yet avoids damage to components of the charging system. In one embodiment, the battery charging system includes an external power source, a battery charger with sensors for monitoring the external power source and the charger, a battery unit with sensors for monitoring the battery, a battery charging control module for processing the information, and a user interface that allows user-specified custom charging constraints. All of these components, with the exception of external power source, may be located on the vehicle.

Claims

1. A method for charging a plug-in electric vehicle, comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing at least one condition pertaining to an external power source, a battery charger located on the plug-in electric vehicle, or a battery unit located on the plug-in electric vehicle, wherein the sensed condition is at least partially based on an unloaded voltage of the external power source which is measured when the external power source is in an unloaded state and there is little or no current being drawn from the external power source by the battery charger located on the plug-in electric vehicle;

(b) determining a charging control signal based on the sensed condition that is at least partially based on an unloaded voltage of the external power source; and

(c) charging the battery unit with the battery charger, wherein the battery charger is operated according to the charging control signal and the charging control signal is periodically adjusted in response to changes in the sensed condition.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises sensing at least one condition that pertains to the external power source and is selected from the group consisting of:

droop voltage in the external power source, current draw from the external power source, power loss in a power coupling, power draw from the external power source, or minimum voltage of the external power source.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises sensing at least one condition that pertains to the battery charger and is selected from the group consisting of:

charger temperature, charger voltage, or charger current.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises sensing at least one condition that pertains to the battery unit and is selected from the group consisting of:

battery temperature, battery voltage, battery current, battery state of charge (SOC), or battery state of health (SOH).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) further comprises determining the charging control signal by using closed-loop control to:

i) compare the sensed condition to a setpoint to obtain an error value, ii) multiply the error value by a gain value to obtain a product, and iii) use the product to obtain the charging control signal.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein step (b)(i) allows a user-specified setpoint in order to enable the user to control one or more constraints on the charging process.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the user-specified setpoint pertains to the maximum amount of current that can be drawn from the external power source.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the user-specified setpoint pertains to the maximum amount of power that can be drawn from the external power source.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein step (b)(i) allows a negative error value in order to address overshoot by the method.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein step (b) uses proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control to obtain the charging control signal.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c) further comprises operating the battery charger according to the charging control signal, and the charging control signal uses pulse width modulation (PWM) to vary the amount of current that is provided by the battery charger to the battery unit.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:

evaluating one or more fault conditions and if a fault condition is detected, then stopping the charging process.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:

generating a diagnostic trouble code (DTC) that provides information regarding the sensed condition.

14. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:

putting the external power source in an unloaded state where there is little or no current being drawn from the external power source by the battery charger; and

periodically sampling the unloaded voltage of the external power source and using the unloaded voltage of the external power source to make at least one calculation selected from the group consisting of;

droop voltage in the external power source, power loss in a power coupling, power draw from the external power source, or minimum voltage of the external power source.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises sensing a plurality of conditions pertaining to the external power source, the battery charger, or the battery unit, step (b) further comprises evaluating the plurality of sensed conditions, determining corresponding constraints for each of the plurality of sensed conditions, and determining the charging control signal based on the most restrictive of the plurality of constraints, and step (c) further comprises operating the battery charger according to the charging control signal which is representative of the most restrictive constraint, wherein at least one of the plurality of conditions is at least partially based on an unloaded battery charger input voltage.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the plug-in electric vehicle is a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and the external power source is an alternating current (AC) wall outlet.

17. A method for charging a plug-in electric vehicle, comprising the steps of:

(a) sensing a plurality of conditions pertaining to an external power source, a battery charger, and/or a battery unit, wherein at least one of the plurality of conditions is a droop voltage that generally represents the difference between an unloaded voltage of the external power source and a loaded voltage of the external power source, wherein the unloaded voltage is measured when the external power source is in an unloaded state and there is little or no current being drawn from the external power source by the battery charger, and the loaded voltage is measured when the external power source is in a loaded state and there is some current being drawn from the external power source by the battery charger;

(b) evaluating each of the sensed conditions with a particular battery charging constraint;

(c) reviewing each of the evaluations and identifying the most-restrictive constraint, wherein the most-restrictive constraint is the one that requests the least amount of current from the battery charger; and

(d) operating the battery charger so that it does not violate the most-restrictive constraint.

18. A system for charging a plug-in electric vehicle, comprising:

a battery charger being located on the plug-in electric vehicle and having an input coupled to an external power source, an output coupled to a battery unit, and one or more sensor(s) for monitoring external power source conditions and/or battery charger conditions;

a battery unit being located on the plug-in electric vehicle and having an input coupled to the battery charger and one or sensor(s) for monitoring battery conditions; and

a battery charging control module being located on the plug-in electric vehicle and being coupled to both the battery charger and the battery unit, wherein the battery charging control module receives readings from the battery charger sensor(s) and the battery sensor(s) and uses those readings to control the output power that the battery charger provides the battery unit, and one of the readings that is used in the control of the output power is an unloaded voltage reading for the external power source which is representative of the external power source when it is in an unloaded state and there is little or no current being drawn from the external power source by the battery charger.