Methods and apparatus using hierarchical priority and control algorithms for grid-integrated vehicles

• US 8,116,915 B2
• Filed: 03/03/2009
• Issued: 02/14/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 03/03/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: NUVVE Corporation
• Original Assignee: University of Delaware
• Inventors: Kempton, Willett
• Primary Examiner(s): Patel, Ramesh
• Application Number:
  US12/397,030
• Publication Number:
  US 20090222143A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,078 Days
• Field of Search: 700/22, 700/286, 700/291, 700/295, 700297-298, 701/22, 180/65.1, 180/65.21, 180/65.29, 320124-125, 907/903, 907/907
• US Class Current: 700/291
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 15/2045 for optimising the use of energy
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 2200/32 Waterborne vessels
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/14 Conductive energy transfer
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/30 Constructional details of charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: B60W 2556/10 Historical data
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/40 The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/322 the battery being on-board an electric or hybrid vehicle, e.g. vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G], power aggregation, use of the battery for network load balancing, coordinated or cooperative battery charging
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 9/062 for AC powered loads
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/64 Electric machine technologies in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/72 Electric energy management in electromobility
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/126 the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]

Abstract

A method and apparatus for managing system energy flow. The apparatus includes an energy storage unit to store energy to be used by a system and a power conversion unit configured to be coupled between the energy storage unit and a utility grid. The apparatus also includes a controller to selectively control the power conversion unit to transfer energy between the utility grid and the energy storage unit based at least in part on an anticipated use of the system.

Claims

1. An apparatus for managing energy flow, the apparatus comprising:

a controller configured to control a vehicle power conversion unit to transfer energy between a utility grid and a vehicle energy storage unit based on anticipated energy usage of the vehicle and utility grid data.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising an adaptation module for measuring historical usage of the system and determining the anticipated use of the system in accordance with at least the measured historical usage.

3. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the adaptation module determines the anticipated use of the system in accordance with the measured historical usage and operator inputs.

4. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the adaptation module is configured to determine an anticipated use profile indicating the anticipated use of the system over an anticipated time frame and the controller selectively controls the power conversion unit to transfer energy based on the determined anticipated use profile.

5. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the system is configured to be movable such that the system is connectable to the utility grid at different connection locations.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller selectively controls the power conversion unit to transfer energy to the energy storage unit or transfer energy from the energy storage unit based on the anticipated use and a signal indicative of a current value of the energy.

7. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the energy storage unit is at least one of:

(1) a battery for storing energy in a form of electrical energy;

(2) a capacitor unit for storing energy in a form of electrical energy;

(3) a mechanical unit for storing energy in a form of inertia, (4) a fuel storage unit for storing energy via a chemical reaction;

(5) the fuel storage unit for storing energy via an electrochemical reaction;

or (6) the fuel storage unit externally recharged with a fuel.

8. The apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the system is a vehicle and the adaptation module includes:

a usage database for storing historical use data of the vehicle indicating each use of the vehicle including information for estimating the energy consumed by the vehicle during each respective use according to a driver of the vehicle; and

a utility grid connection table for storing information about availability and capacity for connection of the vehicle to a utility grid location indicated by the historical use data.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the adaption module is configured to determine a most likely future use profile for the vehicle based on the historical use data stored in the usage database and the controller is configured to:

(1) calculate a level of energy for storage in the energy storage unit during an anticipated time frame based on the use profile; and

(2) control the power conversion unit to transfer energy from the energy storage unit or transfer energy to the energy storage unit based on at least a current level of energy stored in the energy storage unit and the calculated level of stored energy predicted to be used for subsequent travel.

10. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the controller selectively controls the power conversion unit to transfer energy between the utility grid and the energy storage unit in accordance with a set of hierarchically prioritized rules based at least in part on:

(1) input signals to the controller indicating operating characteristics of the vehicle; and

(2) an anticipated use signal to the controller based on the anticipated use of the vehicle.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, further comprising an adaptation module configured to estimate the anticipated use of the vehicle and to output an anticipated use signal to the controller.

12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the set of hierarchically prioritized rules are further based on one or more revenue/cost signals to the controller indicating estimated revenues/costs for transferring energy between the utility grid and the energy storage unit.

13. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the controller adjusts one or more of:

(1) a direction of the transfer of the energy;

(2) a rate of the transfer of the energy;

or (3) a timing of the transfer of the energy.

14. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein responsive to the controller determining that at least one signal received by the controller is defective, the controller reduces the transfer of energy between the utility grid and energy storage unit based on secondary information derived from other input signals received by the controller that are not defective.

15. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein:

one of the input signals received by the controller includes a grid control signal indicating one or more values associated with (1) the transfer of energy between the utility grid and energy storage unit or (2) capacity of the energy storage unit; and

when the grid control signal is defective, the controller controls the transfer of energy using a local detection signal indicating one or more thresholds associated with a connection between the vehicle and the utility grid.

16. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the adaptation module includes a usage database to store historical use data regarding anticipated use of the vehicle and wherein when the historical use data stored in the usage database is not available, the controller controls transfer of energy between the utility grid and the energy storage unit based on a default charging cycle that enables maximum range for the vehicle at a predetermined time of day.

17. The apparatus according to claim 11, further comprising a driver identification unit for identifying each respective driver of the vehicle, wherein the adaptation module stores historical use data for each respective driver and generates an anticipated use profile for the respective driver identified by the driver identification unit.

18. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein:

the adaptation module determines a historical use profile based on the stored historical use data;

when the historical use profile of the vehicle deviates from an actual use profile of the vehicle by more than a threshold amount, the adaptation module determines whether a driver of the vehicle has changed,

if the driver of the vehicle has changed, the adaptation module selects a first control mode in which the driver is periodically queried for confirmation of vehicle destinations; and

if the driver of the vehicle has not changed, the adaptation module selects a second control mode in which energy storage by the energy storage unit is increased relative to when the historical use profile deviates from the actual use profile of the vehicle by less than the threshold amount.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein:

if the adaptation module selects the first control mode, the controller enters into a learning mode to collect information for re-evaluating driving patterns and vehicle operations of the changed driver.

20. A method of managing vehicle energy flow, comprising:

determining historical enemy usage of a vehicle;

calculating an anticipated energy usage of the vehicle based on the historical energy usage of the vehicle; and

selectively controlling, by a controller, bi-directional transfer of energy between a utility grid and the vehicle based on the anticipated energy usage of the vehicle.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the determining historical usage includes:

storing, in a usage database, historical use data of the vehicle indicating each use of the vehicle including information for estimating the energy consumed by the vehicle during each respective use according to each driver of the vehicle; and

storing, in a utility grid connection table, information about availability and capacity for connection of the vehicle to the utility grid at locations indicated by the historical use data.

22. The method according to claim 21, wherein the selectively controlling includes:

determining a most likely use profile for the vehicle based on the historical use data stored in the usage database;

calculating a level of energy for storage in the vehicle during an anticipated time frame based on the use profile; and

controlling the transfer of energy between the utility grid and the vehicle based on at least a current level of energy stored in the vehicle and the calculated level of the energy.

23. The method according to claim 20, wherein the selectively controlling is in accordance with hierarchically prioritized rules based at least in part on:

(1) input signals to the controller indicating operating characteristics of the vehicle; and

(2) an anticipated use signal to the controller indicating the anticipated use of the vehicle.

24. The method according to claim 23, further comprising:

determining, by the controller, whether one or more of the signals are improper,

when one or more of the signals are improper, adjusting the transfer of energy between the utility grid and the vehicle using non-improper signals received by the controller.

25. The method according to claim 20, further comprising:

determining a historical use profile of the vehicle from the historical use data;

comparing a current use profile of the vehicle to the historical use profile;

determining whether the current use profile deviates from historical use profile by more than a threshold amount;

if the current use profile deviates from the historical use profile by more than the threshold amount and a driver of the vehicle has changed, selecting a first control mode in which the driver is periodically queried for confirmations of vehicle destinations; and

if the current use profile deviates from the historical use profile by more than the threshold amount and if the driver has not changed, selecting a second control mode in which energy storage by the vehicle is increased relative to when the historical use profile deviates from the actual use profile of the vehicle by less than the threshold amount.

26. The method according to claim 20, further comprising

communicating, by the vehicle, a service offering to a grid operator including at least one of:

(1) a regulation-down service;

(2) a regulation-up service;

(3) a reserve service;

(3) a valley filling service;

(4) a reactive power service;

(5) a peaking service;

or (6) an emergency backup service.

27. The method according to claim 23, further comprising:

determining that at least one of the input or use profile signals received by the controller is defective; and

reducing the transfer of energy from the vehicle based on secondary information derived from other signals received by the controller that are not defective.

28. The method according to claim 20, further comprising:

responsive to the vehicle transferring energy to the utility grid and one of a grid fault or loss of grid power occurs, preventing further energy from being transferred from the vehicle.

29. The method according to claim 20, further comprising:

when the vehicle provides grid services or transfers energy to the utility grid and a part of the utility grid has a maximum rating limit, reducing, by the vehicle, the energy transferred between the utility grid and the vehicle to prevent exceeding the maximum rating limit.

30. The method according to claim 20, further comprising:

when the vehicle is being dispatched for one type of grid service, monitoring a stored energy level in an energy storage unit of the vehicle; and

if the stored energy level indicates that the one type of grid service dispatched from the vehicle is compromised by the stored energy level in the energy storage unit, changing to a different type of grid service for subsequent dispatch.

31. A computer readable medium storing program code for execution on a computer to implement the method of claim 20.