Grid synchronisation

• US 8,310,101 B2
• Filed: 12/19/2008
• Issued: 11/13/2012
• Est. Priority Date: 12/20/2007
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Tesla Inc.
• Original Assignee: Enecsys Limited
• Inventors: Amaratunga, Gehan Anil Joseph, Chisenga, Lesley, Viraj, Andrabadu
• Primary Examiner(s): KAPLAN, HAL IRA
• Application Number:
  US12/809,436
• Publication Number:
  US 20110049990A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,425 Days
• Field of Search: 307/45, 307/82
• US Class Current: 307/82
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2300/24 of photovoltaic origin
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/38 Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/381 Dispersed generators
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/388 Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/40 Synchronising a generator for connection to a network or to another generator
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/46 Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/48 Controlling the sharing of the in-phase component
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/50 Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 10/56 Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers

Abstract

The invention relates to a grid synchronizer for connecting an AC output of a power converter to the AC grid mains. In one aspect the invention provides a grid synchronizer comprising an inverter controller to control an AC output of the inverter, the controller including a receiver to receive grid data from a grid sensor location remote from said inverter. In another aspect we describe techniques for rapid removal of charge from a control terminal of a power switching device such as a MOSFET, IGBT or Thyristor using a particular driver circuit.

Claims

1. A renewable energy micropower generation system comprising a plurality of renewable energy inverters;

wherein each renewable energy inverter has a grid synchroniser to synchronise an AC output of the respective said renewable energy inverter to an AC grid mains, each said renewable energy inverter having a power input, a cable, and an AC output for connection to said AC grid mains by said cable to provide a power supply input into said AC grid mains,

wherein the cables of respective said inverters have different line impedances;

the renewable energy micropower generation system further comprising;

a common grid sensor for said plurality of renewable energy inverters, wherein said grid sensor located at a grid sensor location where AC current from each said AC output of said inverters is injected into said AC grid mains; and

wherein the grid synchroniser of each said renewable energy inverter comprises;

an inverter controller to control said AC output of said inverter to said cable, said controller including a digital data communications network receiver to receive grid data from said grid sensor location remote from said inverter via a digital data communications network, wherein said grid sensor location is remote from said renewable energy inverter such that due to a said line impedance of said cable a voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location is phase shifted relative to a line voltage on said cable at said AC output, said grid sensor sensing a grid characteristic of said AC grid mains, wherein said sensed grid characteristic comprises a phase of said voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location and said received grid data indicates said phase;

wherein said grid data comprises data relating to a grid characteristic of said AC grid mains sensed by said grid sensor; and

wherein each said inverter controller controls AC current output from said AC output responsive to said grid data relating to said grid characteristic to align phase of said AC current to said indicated phase such that the phases of said AC currents from said AC outputs of said plurality of inverters are aligned to said indicated phase irrespective of said different line impedances.

2. A grid synchroniser according to claim 1, wherein said receiver is in wired communication with said grid sensor.

3. A grid synchroniser according to claim 2, wherein said wired communication is through a power supply line.

4. A grid synchroniser according to claim 1, wherein said receiver is in wireless communication with said grid sensor.

5. A grid synchroniser according to claim 1, further comprising:

an inverter sensor to sense an inverter characteristic of said AC output of said inverter and to transmit inverter data relating to said sensed inverter characteristic to said grid sensor located remote from said inverter.

6. A grid synchroniser according to claim 5, wherein said sensed inverter characteristic comprises one or more of a phase of said AC output of said inverter, a power output or a power efficiency of said inverter.

18. A renewable energy micropower generation system as claimed in claim 1 wherein said inverter controller is configured to compensate for a phase angle representing a difference in phase between said voltage of said AC grid mains, Vg, and a voltage, Vg′

, at the AC output of said renewable energy inverter.

7. A method of synchronising an AC output of a plurality of renewable energy inverters to an AC grid mains, each said renewable energy inverter having a power input and an AC output connected to said AC grid mains by a cable to provide a power supply input into said AC grid mains, wherein the cables of respective said inverters have different line impedances, the method comprising:

locating a common grid sensor at a location remote from each said renewable energy inverter such that due to a said line impedance of a said cable a voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location is phase shifted relative to a line voltage on said cable at said AC output;

sensing a characteristic of said AC grid mains using said common grid sensor, wherein said sensed grid characteristic comprises a phase of voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location and wherein said sensing is performed at said remote grid location by said common grid sensor coupled to said AC grid mains at a point where AC current from each said AC output of said inverters is injected into said AC grid mains;

transmitting grid data relating to said sensed grid characteristic via a digital data communications network to a digital data communications network receiver of each said inverter, wherein said transmitted grid data indicates said phase; and

controlling said AC current of each said AC output of said inverters responsive to said grid data relating to said sensed grid characteristic to align phase of each said AC current to said indicated phase, such that the phases of said AC currents from said AC outputs of said inverters are aligned to said indicated phase irrespective of said different line impedances.

8. A method according to claim 7, further comprising:

sensing a characteristic of said AC output of said renewable energy inverter of the plurality; and

transmitting inverter data relating to said sensed inverter characteristic to said grid sensor.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein said sensed inverter characteristic comprises one or more of a phase of said AC output of said renewable energy inverter of the plurality, a power output or a power efficiency of said inverter.

10. A system, including a grid synchroniser, for renewable energy micropower generation, the system comprising:

a plurality of renewable energy inverters, each said renewable energy inverter having a power input, a cable, and an AC output for connection to an AC grid mains by said cable to provide a power supply input into said AC grid mains, wherein the cables of respective said renewable energy inverters have different line impedances; and

a common grid sensor, at a location remote from a said renewable energy inverter of the plurality such that due to a said line impedance of a said cable a voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location is phase shifted relative to a line voltage on said cable at said AC output, to sense a grid characteristic of said AC grid mains and to transmit data relating to said sensed grid characteristic to said renewable energy inverters, wherein said sensed grid characteristic comprises a phase of said voltage of said AC grid mains at said remote grid sensor location and said transmitted grid data indicates said phase,

wherein each said renewable energy inverter includes a digital data communications network receiver to receive said transmitted data via a digital data communications network, each said inverter being configured to control AC current output from said AC output of said inverter responsive to said transmitted data relating to said sensed grid characteristic to align phase of each said AC current to said indicated phase, such that the phases of said AC currents from said AC outputs of said plurality of inverters are aligned to said indicated phase irrespective of said different line impedances, and

said common grid sensor is configured at said remote grid sensor location to couple to said AC grid mains at a point where said controlled AC currents output from said AC outputs from said inverters are injected into said AC grid mains.

11. A renewable energy power generation system according to claim 10, wherein each renewable energy inverter of said plurality of said inverters is configured to input power into said AC grid mains at substantially the same point.

12. A renewable energy power generation system according to claim 10, further comprising:

an inverter sensor to sense an inverter characteristic of said AC output of said renewable energy inverter of the plurality and to transmit inverter data relating to said sensed inverter characteristic to said common grid sensor located remote from said inverter.

13. A renewable energy power generation system according to claim 12 wherein said sensed inverter characteristic comprises one or more of a phase of said AC output of said renewable energy inverter of the plurality, a power output or a power efficiency of said inverter.

14. A renewable energy power generation system according to claim 10 wherein a said renewable energy inverter includes at least one semiconductor switching device and a driver circuit, for switching power derived from said power input to provide said AC output to said AC grid mains power supply, wherein said driver circuit is connected to switch on and off said semiconductor switching device, said semiconductor switching device having first and second terminals, and a switching control terminal to control switching between said first and second terminals the driver circuit being configured to derive from said AC grid mains power supply a control signal for application to said switching control terminal of said semiconductor switching device to control said switching, said driver circuit comprising:

an input to receive a voltage derived from said AC grid mains power supply;

a reference line for coupling to one of said first and second terminals of said semiconductor switching device;

a rectifier having an input coupled to said input from said AC grid mains power supply and an output;

a resistive element coupled between said output of said rectifier and said reference line; and

a drive output for driving said switching control terminal of said semiconductor switching device, said drive output being coupled to a circuit node between said resistive element and said output of said rectifier.

15. A renewable energy power generation system according to claim 14 wherein a said renewable energy inverter further comprises a zener diode coupled between said circuit node and said reference line.

16. A renewable energy power generation system as claimed in claim 14 further comprising a potential divider coupled to said driver circuit input, wherein said rectifier is coupled to an output of said potential divider, and wherein said resistive element has a resistance value of less than one fifth or less than one tenth a resistance value of an arm of said potential divider.

17. A renewable energy power generation system as claimed in claim 14 comprising one or both of i) a full-bridge or half-bridge rectifier circuit, wherein said renewable energy power generation system comprises a plurality of said semiconductor switching devices each configured as a rectifier of said rectifier circuit, each of said semiconductor switching devices having a respective said driver circuit;

and ii) two of said semiconductor switching devices and each having a respective said driver circuit for switching said semiconductor switching devices in alternate half cycles of said AC grid mains power supply.