Batteries, battery systems, battery submodules, battery operational methods, battery system operational methods, battery charging methods, and battery system charging methods

• US 8,823,323 B2
• Filed: 04/08/2010
• Issued: 09/02/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 04/16/2009
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Lithion Battery Incorporated
• Original Assignee: Valence Technology Incorporated (Lithium Werks B.V.)
• Inventors: Sandahl, Joel E., Troxel, Russell M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Tso, Edward H
• Application Number:
  US12/756,676
• Publication Number:
  US 20110084663A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,608 Days
• Field of Search: 320/134, 320/132, 320/121, 320/119, 320/118, 320/166, 320/114
• US Class Current: 320/118
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/371 with remote indication, e.g. on external chargers
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3842 combining voltage and current measurements
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/396 Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/4207 for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/425 Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing printed circuits H05K1/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/441 for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/46 Accumulators structurally combined with charging apparatus circuits for charging H02J7/00
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/48 Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte constructional details of current conducting connections for detecting conditions inside cells or batteries, e.g. details of voltage sensing terminals, H01M50/569
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/482 for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/486 for measuring temperature
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 10/488 Cells or batteries combined with indicating means for external visualization of the condition, e.g. by change of colour or of light density
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2010/4271 Battery management systems including electronic circuits, e.g. control of current or voltage to keep battery in healthy state, cell balancing
• CPC Class Codes: H01M 2220/20 Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/18 The network being internal to a power source or plant
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0013 acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially H02J7/1423 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 7/0025 Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/10 Energy storage using batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/50 Fuel cells

Abstract

Batteries, battery systems, battery submodules, battery operational methods, battery system operational methods, battery charging methods, and battery system charging methods are described. According to one aspect, a battery includes a first battery terminal, a second battery terminal, and a plurality of submodules individually comprising a first submodule terminal, a second submodule terminal, a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second submodule—terminals, and switching circuitry configured to electrically couple one of the first and second battery terminals with one of the first and second submodule terminals of one of the submodules during an engaged mode of operation of the one of the submodules and to electrically isolate the one of the first and second battery terminals from the one of the first and second submodule terminals of the one of the submodules during a disengaged mode of operation of the one of the submodules.

Claims

1. A battery system comprising:

a first system terminal;

a second system terminal;

a plurality of rechargeable batteries coupled with the first and second system terminals and configured to supply electrical energy to a load coupled with the first and second system terminals and to receive electrical energy from a charger coupled with the first and second system terminals to charge the rechargeable batteries; and

control circuitry configured to monitor individual ones of the rechargeable batteries and to control an amount of electrical energy supplied to at least one of the rechargeable batteries using the monitoring;

wherein the rechargeable batteries individually comprise switching circuitry coupled between at least one of the first and second system terminals and the rechargeable cells of the respective individual battery, and wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the switching circuitry of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to control the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries; and

wherein the control circuitry is further configured to control the switching circuitry of another of the rechargeable batteries to electrically isolate the another of the rechargeable batteries from at least one of the first and second system terminals while the control circuitry is configured to control the switching circuitry of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to electrically couple the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to the first and second system terminals.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to provide substantially balanced charging of the rechargeable batteries.

3. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to provide the rechargeable batteries at substantially the same state of charge.

4. The system of claim 3 herein the control circuitry is configured to monitor the state of charge of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor an electrical characteristic of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor voltage of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

7. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to monitor state of charge of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

8. The system of claim 1 herein the control circuitry is configured to control the switching circuitry of another of the rechargeable batteries to supply a different amount of electrical energy to the another of the rechargeable batteries compared with the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to control supply of different amounts of the electrical energy to different ones of the rechargeable batteries to provide substantially balanced charging of the rechargeable batteries.

10. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the supply of different amounts of the electrical energy to different ones of the rechargeable batteries to provide the rechargeable batteries with substantially the same state of charge during charging of the rechargeable batteries.

11. The system of claim 1 wherein the control circuitry is configured to control the supply of an increased amount of electrical energy to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries compared with an amount of electrically energy supplied to another of the rechargeable batteries responsive to the monitoring determining the at least one of the rechargeable batteries has a lower state of charge than the another of the rechargeable batteries.

12. A battery comprising:

a first battery terminal;

a second battery terminal;

a plurality of rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second battery terminals; and

switching circuitry configured to control an amount of electrical energy conducted with respect to the rechargeable cells during electrical connection of the rechargeable cells to an external device from a state where the rechargeable cells and the external device are not electrically connected, wherein

the switching circuitry comprises at least one semiconductor switching device configured to be biased on to a conducting state from a nonconducting state over a period of time during the electrical connection.

13. The battery of claim 12 wherein the external device comprises a load configured to receive electrical energy from the rechargeable cells.

14. The battery of claim 12 wherein the external device comprises a charger configured to supply electrical energy to the rechargeable cells.

15. The battery of claim 12 wherein the switching circuitry is configured to control the amount of the electrical energy conducted with respect to the rechargeable cells during the electrical connection.

16. The battery of claim 12 wherein the rechargeable cells are electrically connected to the external device via the switching circuitry and electrical connection circuitry void of a contactor.

17. The battery of claim 12 wherein the switching circuitry is configured to limit the amount of electrical energy conducted with respect to the rechargeable cells to a level below a threshold wherein damage to the battery occurs.

18. The battery of claim 12 wherein the battery comprises a plurality of submodules individually comprising a plurality of the rechargeable cells and the switching circuitry.

19. A battery system comprising:

a plurality of rechargeable cells;

first contactor circuitry configured to selectively electrically couple the rechargeable cells with an external device during an engaged mode of operation of the first contactor circuitry and to electrically isolate the rechargeable cells from the external device in a disengaged mode of operation of the first contactor circuitry;

second contactor circuitry configured to selectively electrically couple the rechargeable cells with the external device in an engaged mode of operation of the second contactor circuitry and to electrically isolate the rechargeable cells from the external device in a disengaged mode of operation of the second contactor circuitry, and wherein the second contactor circuitry operating in the engaged mode of operation is configured to conduct a reduced amount of current compared with an amount of current conducted through the first contactor circuitry operating in the engaged mode of operation; and

a plurality of switching circuits configured to electrically couple respective ones of the rechargeable cells with the external device.

20. The system of claim 19 wherein the rechargeable cells are electrically isolated from the external device at a first moment in time and the rechargeable cells are electrically coupled with the external device at a second moment in time, and wherein the second contactor circuitry electrically couples the rechargeable cells with the external device before the first contactor circuitry electrically couples the rechargeable cells with the external device during a transitional period between the first moment in time and the second moment in time.

21. The system of claim 20 wherein the first contactor circuitry is closed after a sufficient period of time after closing the second contactor circuitry to avoid excessive in-rush current being conducted with respect to the battery system.

22. The system of claim 20 further comprising control circuitry configured to control the switching circuits to change state from a non-conducting state to a conducting state before the first contactor circuitry is provided in a conducting state during the transitional period.

23. The system of claim 19 wherein the external device comprises a load.

24. The system of claim 19 wherein the external device comprises a charger.

25. A battery system comprising:

a first system terminal;

a second system terminal;

a plurality of rechargeable batteries coupled with the first and second system terminals, wherein the rechargeable batteries individually comprise;

a plurality of rechargeable cells configured to receive electrical energy from the first and second system terminals during charging of the individual rechargeable battery and to supply electrical energy to the first and second system terminals during discharging of the individual rechargeable battery; and

processing circuitry configured to implement at least one operation for the individual rechargeable battery with respect to at least one of the charging and discharging of the individual rechargeable battery; and

management circuitry configured to communicate with the processing circuits of the rechargeable batteries,

wherein the rechargeable batteries individually comprise a plurality of submodules individually comprising;

a plurality of the rechargeable cells electrically coupled between the first and second system terminals and wherein the rechargeable cells receive charging electrical energy from the first and second system terminals; and

switching circuitry configured to selectively electrically isolate the rechargeable cells of the respective individual submodule from at least one of the first and second system terminals.

26. The system of claim 25 wherein the management circuitry is configured to communicate with a load coupled with the first and second system terminals.

27. The system of claim 25 wherein the management circuitry is configured to initiate a system shutdown of the battery system where no electrical energy is conducted with respect to the rechargeable batteries.

28. The system of claim 27 wherein the management circuitry is configured to communicate a shutdown command to the processing circuits of the batteries to initiate a shutdown of the respective batteries where no electrical energy is conducted with respect to respective ones of the batteries.

29. The system of claim 27 wherein the management circuitry is configured to poll the rechargeable batteries at different moments in time and to initiate the system shutdown of the battery system at one of the moments in time responsive to a failure of one of the rechargeable batteries to respond to one of the polls from the management circuitry at the one of the moments in time.

30. The system of claim 27 wherein the management circuitry is configured to initiate the system shutdown responsive to the presence of an alarm condition in the battery system.

31. The system of claim 27 wherein the management circuitry is configured to initiate the system shutdown responsive to communications with a load coupled with the battery system.

32. A battery system charging method comprising:

supplying electrical energy to electrically charge a plurality of rechargeable batteries of a battery system;

monitoring the rechargeable batteries of the battery system during the supplying; and

using the monitoring, controlling an amount of the electrical energy supplied to at least one of the rechargeable batteries,

wherein the controlling comprises controlling switching circuitry of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to control the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries; and

wherein the method further comprises controlling switching circuitry of another of the rechargeable batteries to electrically isolate the another of the rechargeable batteries from a source of the electrical energy while controlling the switching circuitry of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries to supply electrical energy to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

33. The method of claim 32 wherein the controlling comprises controlling to provide substantially balanced charging of the rechargeable batteries.

34. The method of claim 32 wherein the controlling comprises controlling to provide the rechargeable batteries at substantially the same state of charge.

35. The method of claim 34 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring the state of charge of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

36. The method of claim 32 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring an electrical characteristic of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

37. The method of claim 32 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring voltage of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

38. The method of claim 32 wherein the monitoring comprises monitoring state of charge of the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

39. The method of claim 32 further comprising controlling switching circuitry of another of the rechargeable batteries to supply a different amount of electrical energy to the another of the rechargeable batteries compared with the amount of electrical energy supplied to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries.

40. The method of claim 32 wherein the controlling comprises controlling supplying of different amounts of the electrical energy to different ones of the rechargeable batteries to provide substantially balanced charging of the rechargeable batteries.

41. The method of claim 32 wherein the controlling comprises controlling supplying of different amounts of the electrical energy to different ones of the rechargeable batteries to provide the rechargeable batteries with substantially the same state of charge during charging of the rechargeable batteries.

42. The method of claim 32 wherein the controlling comprises controlling supplying of an increased amount of electrical energy to the at least one of the rechargeable batteries compared with an amount of electrically energy supplied to another of the rechargeable batteries responsive to the monitoring determining the at least one of the rechargeable batteries has a lower state of charge than the another of the rechargeable batteries.

43. A battery system operational method comprising:

storing electrical energy using a plurality of rechargeable cells of a battery system;

using contactor circuitry, electrically conducting electrical energy between the rechargeable cells and an external device during charging and discharging of the rechargeable cells during an engaged mode of operation of the battery system;

using the contactor circuitry, electrically isolating the rechargeable cells and the external device during a disengaged mode of operation of the battery system;

changing the mode of the operation of the battery system from the disengaged mode of operation to the engaged mode of operation;

closing a first contactor of the contactor circuitry during the changing;

closing a second contactor of the contactor circuitry during the changing and after the closing the first contactor; and

using a plurality of switching circuits, selectively electrically coupling respective ones of the rechargeable cells with the external device.

44. The method of claim 43 further comprising limiting an amount of current conducted via the first contactor compared with an amount of current conducted via the second contactor.

45. The method of claim 43 wherein the closing the second contactor occurs a sufficient period of time after the closing the first contactor to avoid excessive in-rush current being conducted with respect to the battery system where damage to the battery system could occur.

46. The method of claim 43 wherein the electrically conducting comprises electrically conducting with respect to the external device comprising a load.

47. The method of claim 43 wherein the electrically conducting comprises electrically conducting with respect to the external device comprising a charger.

48. A battery system operational method comprising:

conducting electrical energy with respect to a plurality of rechargeable batteries of a battery system and wherein the rechargeable batteries individually comprise a plurality of rechargeable cells;

for individual ones of the rechargeable batteries, implementing operations for the respective individual ones of the rechargeable batteries using respective processing circuits of the individual ones of the rechargeable batteries; and

using management circuitry of the battery system, communicating with the processing circuits of the rechargeable batteries;

wherein the conducting, for an individual one of the batteries, comprises conducting electrical energy with respect to a plurality of submodules of the individual one of the batteries, and the submodules individually comprise a plurality of the rechargeable cells and switching circuitry configured to selectively electrically isolate the rechargeable cells of the individual submodule from an external device coupled with the battery system.

49. The method of claim 48 further comprising, using the management circuitry, communicating with a load coupled with the battery system.

50. The method of claim 48 further comprising, using the management circuitry, initiating a system shutdown of the battery system where no electrical energy is conducted with respect to the rechargeable batteries.

51. The method of claim 50 further comprising, using the management circuitry, polling the rechargeable batteries at different moments in time and wherein the initiating comprises initiating the system shutdown of the battery system at one of the moments in time responsive to a failure of one of the rechargeable batteries to respond to one of the polls from the management circuitry at the one of the moments in time.

52. The method of claim 50 wherein the initiating comprises initiating the system shutdown responsive to the presence of an alarm condition in the battery system.

53. The method of claim 50 wherein the initiating comprises initiating the system shutdown responsive to communications with a load coupled with the battery system.