Methods for validating radio-frequency test stations

• US 9,164,159 B2
• Filed: 12/14/2012
• Issued: 10/20/2015
• Est. Priority Date: 12/14/2012
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Original Assignee: Apple Inc.
• Inventors: Nath, Jayesh, Han, Liang, Mow, Matthew A., Tsai, Ming-Ju, Nickel, Joshua G., Xu, Hao, Bevelacqua, Peter, Pascolini, Mattia, Schlub, Robert W., Caballero, Ruben
• Primary Examiner(s): Hollington, Jermele M
• Assistant Examiner(s): MCANDREW, CHRISTOPHER P
• Application Number:
  US13/715,648
• Publication Number:
  US 20140167794A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,040 Days
• Field of Search: 324/750.02
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/2822 of microwave or radiofrequency circuits of attenuation, gain, e.g. using network analyzers G01R27/28
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/2879 related to electrical aspects, e.g. to voltage or current supply or stimuli or to electrical loads
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 31/3191 Calibration
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 35/007 Standards or reference devices, e.g. voltage or resistance standards, "golden references"

Abstract

A manufacturing system for assembling wireless electronic devices is provided. The manufacturing system may include test stations for testing the radio-frequency performance of components that are to be assembled within the electronic devices. A reference test station may be calibrated using calibration coupons having known radio-frequency characteristics. The calibration coupons may include transmission line structures. The reference test station may measure verification standards to establish baseline measurement data. The verification standards may include circuitry having electrical components with given impedance values. Many verification coupons may be measured to enable testing for a wide range of impedance values. Test stations in the manufacturing system may subsequently measure the verification standards to generate test measurement data. The test measurement data may be compared to the baseline measurement data to characterize the performance of the test stations to ensure consistent test measurements across the test stations.

Claims

1. A method of validating a plurality of inspection test stations, the method comprising:

with a plurality of calibration reference structures, calibrating at least one master test station that is different from the plurality of inspection test stations;

testing a plurality of verification reference structures with the at least one master test station after calibrating the at least one master test station with the plurality of calibration reference structures; and

using the plurality of verification reference structures that have been tested with the at least one master test station, determining whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance.

2. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the verification reference structures comprise impedance modeling circuitry and conductive contacts formed on a substrate, the method further comprising:

removing systematic errors associated with the substrate and the conductive contacts of the verification reference structures by calibrating the at least one master test station with the plurality of calibration reference structures.

3. The method defined in claim 1, wherein determining whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance comprises:

with each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations, providing test signals to the verification reference structures; and

with each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations, measuring scattering parameters associated with the verification reference structures.

4. The method defined in claim 1, further comprising:

obtaining baseline measurement data by testing the plurality of verification reference structures with the at least one master test station;

obtaining test measurement data by testing the plurality of verification test structures with each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations; and

comparing the test measurement data to the baseline measurement data to determine whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance.

5. The method defined in claim 4, wherein each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations includes a vector network analyzer and a test fixture and determining whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance comprises:

removing systematic errors associated with the vector network analyzer and the test fixture of each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations prior to comparing the test measurement data to the baseline measurement data.

6. The method defined in claim 1, wherein each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations includes a test host, the method further comprising:

with the test host, generating offset data to calibrate an inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations that has unsatisfactory performance.

7. The method defined in claim 1, wherein the calibration reference structures each include a transmission line structure and calibrating the at least one master test station comprises:

with the at least one master test station, measuring radio-frequency characteristics associated with the transmission line structure.

8. The method defined in claim 7, wherein each calibration reference structure has a respective transmission line structure and measuring the radio-frequency characteristics associated with the transmission line structure comprises:

measuring the radio-frequency characteristics of the respective transmission line structure in each of the plurality calibration reference structures.

9. The method defined in claim 8, further comprising:

measuring the radio-frequency characteristics of the respective transmission line structure in each calibration reference structure using a THRU-REFLECT-LINE (TRL) approach.

10. The method defined in claim 7, wherein the radio-frequency characteristics include scattering parameters associated with the calibration reference structures and calibrating the at least one master test station further comprises:

measuring the scattering parameters associated with calibration reference structures using the at least one master test station.

11. A method of calibrating a master test station, the method comprising:

sequentially coupling the master test station to each passive reference test structure of a plurality of passive reference test structures;

with the master test station, obtaining calibration measurement data by testing each of the passive reference test structures of the plurality of passive reference test structures while the passive reference test structures are coupled to the master test station; and

calibrating the master test station using calibration data generated by comparing the obtained calibration measurement data to reference data.

12. The method defined in claim 11, wherein obtaining the calibration measurement data comprises:

with the master test station, measuring radio-frequency characteristics associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures.

13. The method defined in claim 12, wherein the reference data includes predetermined radio-frequency characteristics associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures and comparing the calibration measurement data to the reference data comprises:

comparing the measured radio-frequency characteristics to the predetermined radio-frequency characteristics.

14. The method defined in claim 12, further comprising:

with an additional master test station, measuring radio-frequency characteristics associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures to obtain additional test data, wherein comparing the calibration measurement data to the reference data comprises comparing the calibration measurement data the to the additional test data.

15. The method defined in claim 13, wherein the measured radio-frequency characteristics comprise scattering parameters associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures and the predetermined radio-frequency characteristics comprise predetermined scattering parameters associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures, the method further comprising:

comparing the measured scattering parameters to the predetermined scattering parameters.

16. A method of validating a plurality of inspection test stations, the method comprising:

sequentially coupling each inspection test station of the plurality of inspection test stations to each passive reference test structure of a plurality of passive reference test structures;

with each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations, obtaining verification measurement data by performing radio-frequency testing on each of the passive reference test structures of the plurality of passive reference test structures while each of the passive reference test structures of the plurality of passive reference test structures is coupled to that inspection test station; and

determining whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance by comparing the verification measurement data to reference data.

17. The method defined in claim 16, wherein the reference data is generated by a master test station using the plurality of passive reference test structures and determining whether each inspection test station in the plurality of inspection test stations has satisfactory performance comprises:

comparing the verification measurement data to reference data generated by the master test station.

18. The method defined in claim 16, wherein obtaining the verification measurement data comprises:

with the inspection test stations, measuring scattering parameters associated with each passive reference test structure in the plurality of passive reference test structures.

19. The method defined in claim 18, wherein the passive reference test structures include circuitry and conductive contacts coupled to the circuitry, the circuitry comprises one or more electrical components connected between the conductive contacts in a shunt configuration, and measuring the scattering parameters associated with each passive reference test structure comprises:

measuring the scattering parameters associated with the one or more electrical components connected between the conductive contacts in the shunt configuration.

20. The method defined in claim 18, wherein the passive reference test structures include circuitry and conductive contacts coupled to the circuitry, the circuitry comprises one or more electrical components connected between the conductive contacts in a series configuration, and measuring the scattering parameters associated with each passive reference test structure comprises:

measuring the scattering parameters associated with the one or more electrical components connected between the conductive contacts in the series configuration.