Stack including heater layer and drain layer

• US 9,326,327 B2
• Filed: 03/15/2013
• Issued: 04/26/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 03/15/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: PPG Industries Ohio Incorporated (Nouryon BV)
• Original Assignee: PPG Industries Ohio Incorporated (Nouryon BV)
• Inventors: Uprety, Krishna K., Bimanand, Alexander, Lakdawala, Khushroo H.
• Primary Examiner(s): TRAN, TRANG Q
• Application Number:
  US13/843,421
• Publication Number:
  US 20150096969A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,138 Days
• Field of Search: 257/211, 428/38, 428/46
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: B64D 15/12 by electric heating electric heating elements in general H05B
• CPC Class Codes: C03C 17/42 at least one coating of an organic material and at least one non-metal coating
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2203/013 Heaters using resistive films or coatings
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 2214/04 Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 3/84 Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 3/86 the heating conductors being embedded in the transparent or reflecting material H05B3/845 takes precedence

Abstract

A multi-layer stack includes: a substrate; a drain layer on a first side of the substrate, the drain layer having a sheet resistance of less than about 10⁶ ohms per square; a heater layer on the drain layer; and a dielectric layer between the heater layer and the drain layer is disclosed. A transparency for a flying vehicle including the multi-layer stack and having the drain layer configured to be grounded to the flying vehicle, and a flying vehicle including the transparency is also disclosed.

Claims

1. A multi-layer stack comprising:

a transparent substrate;

a drain layer on a first side of the substrate, the drain layer having a sheet resistance of less than about 10⁶ ohms per square;

a heater layer on the drain layer, the drain layer being between the heater layer and the substrate;

a dielectric layer between the heater layer and the drain layer;

a first topcoat on a second side of the substrate opposite to the first side; and

a second topcoat on the heater layer, the second topcoat comprising a material selected from the group consisting of diamond like carbons polyurethanes polyacrylates polysiloxanes epoxies, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, silicon oxycarbides, zirconium oxynitrides, cerium oxides, and combinations thereof.

2. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer is configured to electrically insulate the heater layer from the drain layer such that the heater layer is capable of converting electric current applied to the heater layer to heat for melting ice or dissipating condensed moisture formed on the multi-layer stack.

3. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer has a dielectric constant of at least about 2.

4. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the drain layer has a sheet resistance of less than about 2,000 ohms per square.

5. The multi-layer stack of claim 4, wherein the drain layer has a sheet resistance of less than about 500 ohms per square.

6. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate comprises a material selected from the group consisting of glasses, polyacrylates, polycarbonates, polyurethanes and combinations thereof.

7. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the drain layer comprises a layer selected from the group consisting of transparent conductive oxide layers, transparent conductive metal layers, conductive meshes and combinations thereof.

8. The multi-layer stack of claim 7, wherein the transparent oxide layer comprises a transparent oxide selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, tin oxide, antimony-doped tin oxide, and combinations thereof, a metal of the transparent conductive metal layer is selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, palladium, platinum, and combinations thereof, and the conductive mesh is selected from the group consisting of inkjet printed electrically conductive lines, lithographically patterned electrically conductive lines, and combinations thereof.

9. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises an organic layer, an inorganic layer, or a combination thereof.

10. The multi-layer stack of claim 9, wherein the organic layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, epoxies, and combinations thereof.

11. The multi-layer stack of claim 9, wherein the inorganic layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of diamond like carbon, silicon oxides, titanium oxides, aluminum oxides, silicon oxycarbides, zirconium oxynitrides, and combinations thereof.

12. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the heater layer has a sheet resistance in a range of 0.02 to 100 ohms per square.

13. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, wherein the first topcoat comprises a material selected from the group consisting of diamond like carbons, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, polysiloxanes, epoxies, silicon oxides, titanium oxides, aluminum oxides, silicon oxycarbides, zirconium oxynitrides, cerium oxides, and combinations thereof.

14. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, further comprising a base layer between the substrate and the drain layer, the base layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of polysiloxanes, polyacrylates, epoxies, polyurethanes, and combinations thereof.

15. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, further comprising:

drain leads coupled to the drain layer to ground the drain layer, and

heater leads coupled to the heater layer to supply electric current to the heater layer.

16. The multi-layer stack of claim 1, further comprising a base layer between the substrate and the drain layer.

17. A transparency for a flying vehicle, comprising a multi-layer stack comprising:

a substrate;

a drain layer on a first side of the substrate, the drain layer having a sheet resistance of less than about 10⁶ ohms per square;

a heater layer on the drain layer;

a dielectric layer between the heater layer and the drain layer; and

a second topcoat on the heater layer, the second topcoat comprising a material selected from the group consisting of diamond like carbons, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, polysiloxanes, epoxies, silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, silicon oxycarbides, zirconium oxynitrides, cerium oxides, and combinations thereof,

wherein the drain layer is configured to be grounded to the flying vehicle, and

wherein the multi-layer stack is configured to have the first side of the substrate face toward an interior of the flying vehicle.

18. The transparency of claim 17, wherein the substrate has a second side opposite to the first side, the second side being configured to face toward an exterior of the flying vehicle.

19. The transparency of claim 17, wherein the substrate has a second side opposite to the first side, and the drain layer is configured to be grounded to the flying vehicle to dissipate a charge induced at a second side of the substrate and to reduce an amount of charge induced at the heater layer.

20. A flying vehicle comprising the transparency of claim 17.