Method and apparatus for enabling physical layer secret key generation

• US 9,490,977 B2
• Filed: 11/06/2008
• Issued: 11/08/2016
• Est. Priority Date: 11/06/2007
• Status: Expired due to Fees

• Current Assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings, Inc. (InterDigital, Inc.)
• Original Assignee: InterDigital Patent Holdings, Inc. (InterDigital, Inc.)
• Inventors: Ye, Chunxuan, Reznik, Alexander, Shah, Yogendra C., Closs, Julien, Truco, Frederic H.
• Primary Examiner(s): Eskandarnia, Arvin
• Assistant Examiner(s): DESAI, MARGISHI V
• Application Number:
  US12/266,435
• Publication Number:
  US 20090141900A1
• Time in Patent Office: 2,924 Days
• Field of Search: 380/44, 380/270, 713/600
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: H04K 1/00 Secret communication
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/80 Wireless network architectures or network communication protocols for wireless network security H04W12/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/0875 based on channel impulse response [CIR]
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 12/02 Protecting privacy or anonymity, e.g. protecting personally identifiable information [PII]
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 12/04 Key management, e.g. using generic bootstrapping architecture [GBA]
• CPC Class Codes: H04W 12/61 Time-dependent

Abstract

A method and apparatus for generating physical layer security keys is provided. Channel impulse response (CIR) measurements are recorded. Each CIR measurement is associated with a time-stamp. Where possible, the time-stamps are paired with time-stamps that are associated with another plurality of CIR measurements. The CIR data associated with the paired time-stamps is aggregated. Each of the aggregated CIR measurements is aligned, and at least one CIR measurement is selected for use in secret key generation.

Claims

1. A method for generating a physical layer security key, the method comprising:

at a first location, making local channel impulse response (CIR) measurements and associating them with local timestamps;

at the first location, receiving timestamps from a second location, the received timestamps being associated with remote channel impulse response (CIR) measurements at the second location;

at the first location, selecting a local timestamp of the local timestamps and associated local CIR measurement of the local CIR measurements using one of the received timestamps;

at the first location, post-processing the selected local CIR measurement at the first location, selecting at least one sample from the post-processed CIR measurement; and

at the first location, generating a physical layer secret key from the at least one selected sample wherein the one of the received timestamps is associated with a CIR measurement at the second location and wherein the selected local CIR measurement at the first location is thus paired with the CIR measurement at the second location.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the selected local CIR measurement includes 64 complex samples.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising

validating the selected local CIR measurement.

4. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

determining whether a first time stamp of the local timestamps is older than a stopping time; and

deleting the first time stamp and the associated CIR measurement in response to a first time-stamp that is older than a stopping time.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the post-processing includes:

pruning the selected local CIR measurement;

upsampling the pruned CIR measurement; and

shifting the up sampled CIR measurement.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the pruning includes;

For the selected local CIR measurement, selecting a sequential plurality of samples, wherein the selected sequential plurality of samples has a largest magnitude sample in the middle.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the upsampling includes:

inserting a zero value sample between each sample in the selected local CIR measurement;

constructing a resampling finite impulse response (AR) filter;

convolving the resampling FIR filter with the selected local CIR measurement; and

selecting a plurality of samples from the middle of the samples in the selected local CIR measurement.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting includes:

determining a plurality of samples from the post-processed CIR measurements;

whitening the determined plurality of samples; and

sorting the whitened plurality of samples.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting the local time-stamp and the second remote time stamp from a list of paired time stamps generated by:

comparing a first list of time-stamp pairing candidates with a second list of timestamp pairing candidates.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the comparing includes:

selecting a first time-stamp from a first plurality of time-stamps;

selecting a second time-stamp from a second plurality of time-stamps; and

comparing the first time-stamp and the second time-stamp if the first timestamp is not an impossible time-stamp value and the second time-stamp is not an impossible time-stamp value;

selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp and the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold;

selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps as the second time-stamp if the first time-stamp is greater than or equal to the second time stamp and the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold;

marking the selected time-stamps as paired if the difference between the selected time-stamps is less than or equal to a threshold, wherein marking includes selecting the next time stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first timestamp, and selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps; and

iteratively repeating the selecting a first time stamp, the selecting a second time-stamp, the comparing, the selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality, the selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality, and the marking, for each timestamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, and for each time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the comparing includes:

selecting a first time stamp from a first plurality of time-stamps;

selecting a second time-stamp from a second plurality of tire-stamps; and

comparing the first time-stamp and the second time-stamp if the first timestamp is not an impossible time-stamp value and the second time-stamp is not an impossible time-stamp value;

selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold, and the difference between the selected time-stamps is less than or equal to a time-stamp wrapping point;

selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps as the second time-stamp if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a time-stamp wrapping point, and the difference between the selected time stamps less than or equal to the difference between a maximum time-stamp value and a threshold;

selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time stamps as the second time-stamp if the first time-stamp is greater than or equal to the second time stamp, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold, and the difference between the selected time-stamps is less than or equal to a timestamp wrapping point;

selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp if the first time stamp is greater than or equal to the second time stamp, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a time-stamp wrapping point, and the difference between the selected time stamps less than or equal to the difference between a maximum time-stamp value and a threshold;

marking the selected time-stamps as paired if the difference between the selected time-stamps is less than or equal to a threshold, wherein marking includes selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first timestamp, and selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps; and

marking the selected time-stamps as paired if the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold, the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a time-stamp wrapping point, and the difference between the selected time stamps less than or equal to the difference between a maximum timestamp value and a threshold, wherein marking includes selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp, and selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps; and

iteratively repeating the selecting a first time-stamp, the selecting a second time-stamp, the comparing, the selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality, the selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality, and the marking, for each timestamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, and for each time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the comparing includes:

selecting a first time-stamp from a first plurality of time-stamps;

selecting a second time-stamp from a second plurality of time stamps; and

comparing the first time-stamp and the second time-stamp if the first timestamp is not an impossible time-stamp value and the second time-stamp is not an impossible time-stamp value;

selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the first timestamp is greater than or equal to a previous time-stamp in the first plurality of timestamps, the second time-stamp is less than or equal to a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, and the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold;

selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps as the second time-stamp if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the first time-stamp is less than to a previous time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, the second time-stamp is greater than a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, the difference between the selected time stamps less than the difference between a maximum time-stamp value and a threshold;

selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps as the second time-stamp if the first time-stamp is greater than or equal to the second time stamp, the first time-stamp is greater than a previous time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, the second time-stamp is less than a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, and the difference between the selected time-stamps is greater than a threshold;

selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp if the first time-stamp is greater than or equal to the second time stamp, the first time-stamp is greater than a previous time-stamp in the first plurality of timestamps, the second time-stamp is less than a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, the difference between the selected time stamps less than the difference between a maximum time-stamp value and a threshold;

marking the selected time-stamps as paired if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the first time-stamp is greater than or equal to a previous timestamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, the second time-stamp is less than or equal to a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, and the difference between the selected time-stamps is less than or equal to a threshold, wherein marking includes selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time-stamp, and selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps; and

marking the selected time-stamps as paired if the first time-stamp is less than the second time stamp, the first time-stamp is less than to a previous time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, the second time-stamp is greater than a previous time stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps, the difference between the selected time stamps greater than or equal to the difference between a maximum time-stamp value and a threshold, wherein marking includes selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps as the first time stamp, and selecting the next timestamp in the second plurality of time-stamps; and

iteratively repeating the selecting a first time-stamp, the selecting a second time-stamp, the comparing, the selecting the next time-stamp in the first plurality, the selecting the next time-stamp in the second plurality, and the marking, for each time-stamp in the first plurality of time-stamps, and for each time-stamp in the second plurality of time-stamps.

13. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for generating physical layer security keys, the WTRU comprising:

a channel impulse response (CIR) measurement unit configured to generate a first plurality of local CIR measurements, wherein each local CIR measurement is associated with a time-stamp;

a time-stamp pairing unit configured to identify a pair of timestamps, wherein one of the pair of timestamps is a local timestamp and another of the pair of timestamps is a remote timestamp and the local time-stamp is associated with a selected local CIR measurement in the plurality of local CIR measurements, and the remote time-stamp is associated with a remote CIR measurement wherein the selected local CIR measurement is thus paired with the remote CIR measurement at the remote location;

a CIR post-processing unit configured to post process the selected local CIR measurement;

a data selection unit configured to select at least one sample from the post-processed CIR measurement; and

a secret key generation unit configured to generate a physical layer secret key from the at least one selected sample.

14. The WTRU of claim 13, wherein the CIR post-processing unit includes:

a CIR pruning unit configured to reduce the number of samples in the selected local CIR measurement;

a CIR up sampling unit configured to interpolate the pruned CIR measurement to a higher sampling rate;

a first CIR shift unit configured to align the upsampled CIR measurement;

a signal power calculation unit configured to calculate a signal power of the CIR measurement; and

a CIR normalization unit configured to normalize the shifted CIR measurement.