Electric power system control with measurement of energy demand and energy efficiency using t-distributions

• US 9,563,218 B2
• Filed: 02/28/2014
• Issued: 02/07/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 03/15/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Dominion Energy, Inc.
• Original Assignee: Dominion Resources Incorporated
• Inventors: Hall, Edmund J., Tyler, Stephen J.
• Primary Examiner(s): Ali, Mohammad
• Assistant Examiner(s): Karim, Ziaul
• Application Number:
  US14/193,980
• Publication Number:
  US 20140277814A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,075 Days
• Field of Search: 700/295, 700/296, 700/297, 700/298
• US Class Current: 1/1
• CPC Class Codes: G01R 21/00 Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor G01R7/12 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G05F 1/66 Regulating electric power
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00004 characterised by the power network being locally controlled
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00016 using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00017 using optical fiber
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00022 using wireless data transmission
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00024 by means of mobile telephony
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00026 involving a local wireless network, e.g. Wi-Fi, ZigBee or Bluetooth
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 13/00034 the elements or equipment being or involving an electric power substation
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/12 The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/60 Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/00 Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/003 Load forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future load demand
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/14 by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/24 Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks by control effected upon a single generator H02P9/00
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 40/70 Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/50 Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/124 : using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 40/126 : using wireless data transmission

Abstract

A method, apparatus, system and computer program is provided for controlling an electric power system, including implementation of voltage measurement using paired t statistical analysis applied to calculating a shift in average usage per customer from one time period to another time period for a given electrical use population where the pairing process is optimized using a novel technique to improve the accuracy of the statistical measurement.

Claims

1. A voltage control and energy conservation system measurement technique using paired t distributions to calculate without a use of weather normalization a change in energy use or improvement in conservation performance in energy reduction on a system, comprising:

an electrical energy delivery system with a substation configured as an electrical supply system supplying power through an electrical distribution system to an electrical usage system for use by electrical usage devices at a plurality of user locations;

a plurality of meters, wherein at least one a meter is located at the substation and at least one meter is located at the at least one of the plurality of user locations, and at least one of the plurality of meters is configured to generate smart meter data based on a measured component of electrical power received by the smart meter; and

a voltage controller configured to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the smart meter data,

wherein the substation is further configured to adjust a voltage set point value of the electrical power supplied to the plurality of user locations based on the energy delivery parameter, and

wherein the voltage and energy are measured on an interval basis using an energy validation process and a change in energy characteristics, the energy characteristics including a conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor, and an energy savings between the voltage at the CVR “

ON”

set point and the CVR “

OFF”

set point are measured using a paired t measurement using an optimized pairing process to determine the CVR factor and the energy usage improvement for the electrical energy delivery system, and wherein the paired t measurement determines an average shift in a mean energy usage,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of CVR factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the substation is further configured to adjust a voltage set point value of the electrical power supplied at the supply point to the plurality of user locations based on the change in energy characteristics.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the voltage controller further configured to adjust the energy delivery parameter based on the change in energy characteristics.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein each meter'"'"'s data is averaged over the interval.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the wherein the interval is a period of twenty-four hours.

8. The system of claim 1, wherein the interval is a period of four hours.

9. The system of claim 1, wherein the interval is a period of one hour.

10. A voltage control and energy conservation system using paired t distributions to calculate a change in energy use or improvement in conservation performance in energy reduction on a system, comprising:

an electrical energy delivery system with a substation configured as an electrical supply system supplying power through an electrical distribution system to an electrical usage system for use by electrical usage devices at a plurality of user locations;

a plurality of meters, including a meter located at a supply point at the substation, and at least one meter located at a respective at least one of the plurality of user locations and configured to generate meter data based on a measured component of electrical power received by the meter;

a voltage controller configured to operate in a conservation-voltage-reduction-on state or in a conservation-voltage-reduction-off state;

wherein the voltage controller applies conservation voltage reduction to generate a conservation voltage reduction energy delivery parameter based on the meter data when the controller is in the conservation-voltage-reduction-on state, but not when the controller is in the conservation-voltage-reduction-off state;

wherein the substation is further configured to adjust a voltage set point value of the electrical power supplied at the supply point to the plurality of user locations based on the energy delivery parameter; and

wherein the voltage and energy are measured by the meters on an interval basis using an energy validation process, a change in energy characteristics between the voltage conservation-voltage-reduction-on state and the conservation-voltage-reduction-off being determined using a pairing process and a paired t measurement, and wherein the paired t measurement determines an average shift in a mean energy usage,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

11. A control system for an electric power transmission and distribution grid configured to supply electric power from a supply point to a plurality of user locations, the system comprising:

a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor is located at a respective one of a plurality of distribution locations on the distribution grid at or between the supply point and at least one of the plurality of user locations, and wherein each sensor is configured to sense a component of the supplied electric power at the respective distribution location and to generate measurement data based on the sensed component of the power;

a controller configured to receive measurement data from the plurality of sensors, and to operate the electric power transmission and distribution grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state;

wherein the controller applies the modification to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the meter data;

a component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power transmission and distribution grid in response to the energy delivery parameter;

wherein the controller is configured to determine, using an energy validation process, a change in energy characteristics between the modification-on state and the modification-off state, using a pairing process and a paired t measurement, and wherein the paired t measurement determines an average shift in a mean energy usage,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

12. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller applies the modification to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data when the controller is in the modification-on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state.

13. The system of claim 11, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is measured by the sensors on an interval basis.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein each sensor'"'"'s data is averaged over the interval.

15. The system of claim 13, wherein the wherein the interval is a period of twenty-four hours.

16. The system of claim 13, wherein the interval is a period of four hours.

17. The system of claim 13, wherein the interval is a period of one hour.

18. The system of claim 11, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the component of the electric power transmission and distribution grid adjusting device comprises:

a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient;

or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the voltage based on the change in energy characteristic.

21. The system of claim 11, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction.

22. The system of claim 11 wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor.

23. The system of claim 11, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings.

24. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to use the paired t p-factor to eliminate data having values outside of corresponding predetermined normalized ranges of values to determine measurement accuracy.

25. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to determine the change in energy characteristic based on a first pairing variable.

26. The system of claim 25, wherein the first variable is season, grouped hour, or customer type.

27. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is configured to determine the change in energy characteristic based on a second pairing variable that is secondary to the first pairing variable, to pair at least one modification-off value to at least one modification-on value, and to determine a weighed scoring of the at least one pairs based on respective relative slopes of each of the first and second variables and the change in energy characteristic.

28. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller is configured to exclude data that is affected by non-efficiency variables.

29. A method for controlling electrical power supplied to a plurality of distribution locations located at or between a supply point and at least one user location, each of the plurality of distribution locations including at least one sensor configured to sense a voltage of the supplied electric power at the respective distribution location and generate measurement data based on the sensed voltage, the method comprising:

controlling the electric power transmission and distribution grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state;

wherein a controller applies the modification to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the meter data when the controller is in the modification-on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state;

operating an component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power transmission and distribution grid in response to the energy delivery parameter;

measuring the component of the supplied electric power with the meters on an interval basis using an energy validation process, and determining a change in energy characteristics between the voltage conservation-voltage-reduction-on state and the conservation-voltage-reduction-off state using a pairing process and a paired t measurement, and wherein the paired t measurement determines an average shift in a mean energy usage,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction.

32. The method of claim 29, wherein the component of the electric power transmission and distribution grid adjusting device comprises:

a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient;

or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter.

33. The method of claim 29 wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor.

34. The method of claim 29, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein each meter'"'"'s data is averaged over the interval.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein the wherein the interval is a period of twenty-four hours.

37. The method of claim 29, wherein the interval is a period of four hours.

38. The method of claim 29, wherein the interval is a period of one hour.

39. A voltage control and energy conservation system for an electric power transmission and distribution system grid, comprising:

an electrical energy delivery system with a substation configured as an electrical supply system supplying power through an electrical distribution system to an electrical usage system for use by electrical usage devices at a plurality of user locations;

a sensor located at the substation and a sensor located at least one of the plurality of user locations configured to generate sensor data based on a measured component of electrical power received by the respective sensors; and

a voltage controller configured to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the sensor data,

wherein the substation is further configured to adjust a voltage set point value of the electrical power supplied to the plurality of user locations based on the energy delivery parameter, and

wherein the voltage controller is configured to measure the voltage and energy on an interval basis using an energy validation process and the conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor for at least one CVR “

ON”

set point and at least one CVR “

OFF”

set point using a pairing process to determine the CVR factor, wherein the pairing process comprises pairing a CVR “

ON”

record to a CVR “

OFF”

record and the CVR “

OFF”

record has a predetermined first independent variable associated with the CVR “

OFF”

record within a first independent variable tolerance of the first independent variable associated with the paired CVR “

ON”

record, wherein voltage controller is further configured to determine an average shift in a mean energy usage using a paired t measurement,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

40. The system of claim 39, wherein the CVR “

OFF”

record has a second independent variable associated with the CVR “

OFF”

record within a predetermined second independent variable tolerance of the second independent variable associated with the paired CVR “

ON”

record.

41. A control system for an electric power grid configured to supply electric power from a supply point to a plurality of consumption locations, the system comprising:

a plurality of sensors, wherein each sensor is located at a respective one of a plurality of distribution locations on the distribution grid at or between the supply point and at least one of the plurality of consumption locations, and wherein each sensor is configured to sense a component of the supplied electric power received at the respective distribution location and to generate measurement data based on the sensed component of the power;

a controller configured to receive measurement data from the plurality of sensors, and to operate the electric power grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state;

wherein the controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data;

a component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power grid in response to the energy delivery parameter;

wherein the controller is configured to determine, using an energy validation process, a change in energy characteristics between the modification-on state and the modification-off state, using a pairing process and paired t measurement, wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

42. The system of claim 41, wherein the controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data when the controller is in the modification-on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state.

43. The system of claim 41, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is measured by the sensors on an interval basis.

44. The system of claim 43, wherein each sensor'"'"'s measurement data is averaged over the interval.

45. The system of claim 43, wherein the interval is a period of between about one hour and about twenty-four hours.

46. The system of claim 41, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage.

47. The system of claim 46, wherein the component of the electric power grid adjusting device comprises:

a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient;

or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter.

48. The system of claim 47, wherein the load tap change transformer is located at a substation and at least one sensor is located at the substation.

49. The system of claim 46, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the voltage based on the change in energy characteristic.

50. The system of claim 41, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction.

51. The system of claim 41, wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor.

52. The system of claim 41, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings.

53. The system of claim 41, wherein the controller is further configured to receive the measurement data from each sensor of a subset of the plurality of sensors, wherein the subset includes more than one and fewer than all of the plurality of sensors for distribution locations receiving the supplied electric power, and to generate the energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data received from the subset.

54. The system of claim 41, wherein the controller is configured to use the paired t p-factor to eliminate data having values outside of corresponding predetermined normalized ranges of values to determine measurement accuracy.

55. The system of claim 41, wherein the controller is configured to determining the change in energy characteristic based on a first variable.

56. The system of claim 55, wherein the first variable is season, grouped hour, or customer type.

57. The system of claim 55, wherein the controller is configured to provide a second pairing variable that is secondary to the first pairing variable, to pair the first variable values to the closest modification-off to modification-on values, and determining a weighed scoring of the pairs based on relative slopes of the linear relationship between the first and second respective variables.

58. The system of claim 41, wherein the controller is configured to exclude data that is affected by non-efficiency variables.

59. A method for controlling electrical power supplied to a plurality of distribution locations located at or between a supply point and at least one consumption location, each of the plurality of distribution locations including at least one sensor configured to sense a voltage of the supplied electric power received at the respective distribution location and generate measurement data based on the sensed voltage, the method comprising:

controlling the electric power grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state;

wherein a controller generates an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data when the controller is in the modification-on state, but not when the controller is in the modification-off state;

operating an component adjusting device configured to adjust a component of the electric power grid in response to the energy delivery parameter;

measuring the component of the supplied electric power with the sensors on an interval basis using an energy validation process, and determining a change in energy characteristics between the voltage conservation-voltage-reduction-on state and the conservation-voltage-reduction-off state using a pairing process and a paired t measurement,

wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine the blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the component of the supplied electric power is voltage.

61. The method of claim 59, wherein the modification is conservation voltage reduction.

62. The method of claim 59, wherein the component of the electric power grid adjusting device comprises:

a load tap change transformer that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on a load tap change coefficient;

or a voltage regulator that adjusts the voltage of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter.

63. The method of claim 59, wherein the energy characteristic is the conservation voltage reduction factor.

64. The method of claim 59, wherein the energy characteristic is the energy savings.

65. The method of claim 59, wherein each sensor'"'"'s measurement data is averaged over the interval.

66. The method of claim 59, wherein the wherein the interval is a period of between about one hour and about twenty-four hours.

67. The method of claim 59, wherein the energy delivery parameter is based on the measurement data received from each sensor of a subset of the plurality of sensors, wherein the subset includes more than one and fewer than all of the plurality of sensors for distribution locations receiving the supplied electric power.

68. A control system for an electric power grid configured to supply electric power from a supply point to a plurality of consumption locations, the system comprising:

a sensor receiving module configured to receive measurement data from at least one sensor of a subset of a plurality of sensors, the plurality of sensors being located at a respective one of a plurality of distribution locations on the electric power grid at or between the supply point and at least one of the plurality of consumption locations, the measurement data being based on at least one component of the supplied electric power received at the respective distribution location;

an analysis module configured to generate an energy delivery parameter based on the measurement data received from the subset, and to operate the electric power grid in a modification-on state or in a modification-off state, wherein the analysis module is configured to determine, using an energy validation process, a change in energy characteristics between the modification-on state and the modification-off state, using a pairing process a paired t measurement, wherein the pairing process comprises an additional process that breaks the paired t process into measurements of conservation voltage reduction (CVR) factor and conservation energy savings by season and uses linear regression constants to determine blocks of hours where consistent loads exist and paired t comparisons are configured to be calculated within predetermined limits; and

an adjusting module configured to cause an adjusting device to adjust a component of the electric power supplied at the supply point based on the energy delivery parameter.