Information coding and decoding in spectral differences

• US 9,621,760 B2
• Filed: 06/06/2014
• Issued: 04/11/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 06/07/2013
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Original Assignee: Digimarc Corporation
• Inventors: Rhoads, Geoffrey B., Reed, Alastair M.
• Primary Examiner(s): Yang, Weiwen
• Application Number:
  US14/298,747
• Publication Number:
  US 20150071485A1
• Time in Patent Office: 1,040 Days
• Field of Search: None
• CPC Class Codes: A61B 5/0075 by spectroscopy, i.e. measuring spectra, e.g. Raman spectroscopy, infrared absorption spectroscopy A61B5/0071 takes precedence
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/0272 Handheld
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/2823 Imaging spectrometer
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/36 Investigating two or more bands of a spectrum by separate detectors
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/447 Polarisation spectrometry
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/51 using colour filters
• CPC Class Codes: G01J 3/513 having fixed filter-detector pairs
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 1/0028 Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• CPC Class Codes: G06T 2201/0051 Embedding of the watermark in the spatial domain
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32144 embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 1/32309 in colour image data
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 21/8358 involving watermark protecting executable software by watermarking G06F21/16; image watermarking in general G06T1/0021; watermarks inserted in still images for transmission purposes H04N1/32144; inserting watermarks during video coding H04N19/467
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 2201/3233 of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 23/56 provided with illuminating means
• CPC Class Codes: H04N 23/74 by influencing the scene brightness using illuminating means
• CPC Class Codes: H05B 45/22 using optical feedback

Abstract

Information is encoded in an image signal by exploiting spectral differences between colors that appear the same when rendered. These spectral differences are detected using image sensing that discerns the spectral differences. Spectral difference detection methods include using sensor-synchronized spectrally-structured-light imaging, 3D sensors, imaging spectrophotometers, and higher resolution Bayer pattern capture relative to resolution of patches used to convey a spectral difference signal.

Claims

1. A method for encoding an information signal in spectral differences within an image signal, the method comprising, with a programmed processor:

generating an information signal comprising message symbols;

mapping the message symbols of the information signal to insertion locations within a host image signal; and

at the insertion locations, inserting the message symbols of the information signal by computing values for color components at the locations so as to form a spectral difference signal between ink applied at a first pixel location and ink applied at a second pixel location to encode a message symbol in relative spectral difference in spectral distribution between the ink at the first and second pixel locations, the computing encoding relative spectral differences at the locations that conveys the message symbols of the information signal within the host image, the spectral difference signal representing a distinguishable spectra between two or more colors that appear similar in the human visual system at the insertion locations within the host image signal.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the distinguishable spectra comprises distinguishable spectra of a first color channel relative to a second color channel, which are metameric pairs.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first channel comprises a K channel, and the second channel comprises a combination of C, M and Y channels.

4. The method of claim 1 the spectral difference corresponds to a pair of inks that appear similar to humans, yet have the spectral difference.

5. The method of claim 4 wherein computing values for color components includes determining the ink and amount of ink in the pair for a location.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the pair of inks comprise a spot color and process color.

7. The method of claim 6 further including spatially varying a combination of spot and process color in the locations to encode the information signal.

8. A non-transitory computer readable medium, on which is stored instructions, which when executed on one or more processors, perform a method for encoding an information signal in spectral differences within an image signal, the method comprising:

generating an information signal comprising message symbols;

mapping the message symbols of the information signal to insertion locations within a host image signal; and

at the insertion locations, inserting the message symbols of the information signal by computing values for color components at the locations so as to form a spectral difference signal between ink applied at a first pixel location and ink applied at a second pixel location to encode a message symbol in relative spectral difference between the ink at the first and second pixel locations, the computing encoding relative spectral differences at the locations that conveys the message symbols of the information signal within the host image, the spectral difference signal representing a distinguishable spectra between two or more colors that appear similar in the human visual system at the insertion locations within the host image signal.

9. A method of decoding an information signal comprising, with a programmed processor:

obtaining spectra of an image signal at locations within the image signal;

discerning a spectral difference signal at the locations by determining, at the locations, a relative difference between spectral distributions at first and second pixel locations in the image signal, the spectral difference signal representing a distinguishable spectra between two or more colors that appear similar in the human visual system at the locations within the host image signal; and

decoding an information signal from the spectral difference signal by extracting message symbols from relative differences between spectral distributions of different pixel locations and error correction decoding a message from the message symbols.

10. The method of claim 9 wherein the discerning the spectral differences comprises determining whether a spectra at a waxel location is one of a particular set of distinguishable spectra, determining whether a spectra at a different waxel location is one of a particular set of distinguishable spectra, and determining a relationship between the spectra at the first and second waxel locations to extract a message symbol encoded in the relationship.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein the particular set of distinguishable spectra include a first spectra with a first shape, and a second spectra with a second shape.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the first shape is characterized by extent of variations over plural spectral bands, and wherein the second shape is characterized by absence of variations over plural spectral bands.

13. The method of claim 11 wherein the first shape corresponds to a first combination of color channels, and the second shape corresponds to a second combination of color channels.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the first combination comprises a K channel, and the second combination comprises a combination of C, M, and Y channels.

15. The method of claim 12 wherein the two or more colors correspond to inks that appear similar to human vision yet have spectral differences, and detecting the information signal includes computing ratio of a measurement of a first and second ink of the inks at a first wavelength and at the locations within the image signal.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the first and second inks are a metameric pair.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the first ink comprises a spot color ink and the second ink comprises a process color ink.

18. The method of claim 17 wherein the first ink comprises a mix of spot color components, and the second ink comprise a mix of process color components.

19. The method of claim 12 wherein the two or more colors correspond to a spatial arrangement of first or second visible inks of a metameric pair, which appear to be a similar color under normal lighting, yet have spectral differences that become human visible in response to spectral illumination.

20. The method of claim 18 wherein two or more colors correspond to a spatial arrangement of first or second visible inks of a metameric pair, which appear to be a similar color under normal lighting, yet have spectral differences that are machine detectable in response to controlled narrow-band spectral illumination, and wherein information signal includes a signal from which distance between a camera and object captured by the camera is ascertained, the distance being further used to extract additional information from the image.

21. A non-transitory computer readable medium, on which is stored instructions, which when executed on one or more processors, perform a method of decoding an information signal, the method comprising:

obtaining spectra of an image signal at locations within the image signal;

discerning a spectral difference signal at the locations by determining, at the locations, a relative difference between spectral distributions at first and second pixel locations in the image signal, the spectral difference signal representing a distinguishable spectra between two or more colors that appear similar in the human visual system at the locations within the host image signal; and

decoding an information signal from the spectral difference signal by extracting message symbols from relative differences between spectral distributions of different pixel locations and error correction decoding a message from the message symbols.

22. An image capture device comprising:

an illumination source in communication with a controller for providing controlled spectral illumination;

an image capture sensor for capturing an image signal of an object or scene under the controlled spectral illumination; and

one or more programmed processors configured to;

obtain spectra of an image signal at locations within the image signal;

discern a spectral difference signal at the locations by determining, at the locations, a relative difference between spectral distributions at first and second pixel locations in the image signal, the spectral difference signal representing a distinguishable spectra between two or more colors that appear similar in the human visual system at the locations within the host image signal; and

decode an information signal from the spectral difference signal by extracting message symbols from relative differences between spectral distributions of different pixel locations and error correction decoding a message from the message symbols.