Encryption/identification using array of resonators at transmitter and receiver

• US 9,742,555 B2
• Filed: 09/25/2008
• Issued: 08/22/2017
• Est. Priority Date: 09/25/2008
• Status: Active Grant

• Current Assignee: RPX Corporation
• Original Assignee: Nokia Technologies Oy (Nokia Corporation)
• Inventors: Nefedov, Nikolai, Uusitalo, Mikko A., Oksanen, Markku A., Niemi, Valtteri
• Primary Examiner(s): Revak, Christopher
• Application Number:
  US12/284,927
• Publication Number:
  US 20100074445A1
• Time in Patent Office: 3,253 Days
• Field of Search: 378130, 378134-136, 378142-143, 378149-150, 331 2, 331 46, 331 78, 331154, 331116 M, 380 43, 380252-253, 380262-263, 380265, 380268
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/12 Details relating to cryptographic hardware or logic circuitry
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 2209/80 Wireless network architectures or network communication protocols for wireless network security H04W12/00
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/001 using chaotic signals
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/0838 Key agreement, i.e. key establishment technique in which a shared key is derived by parties as a function of information contributed by, or associated with, each of these network architectures or network communication protocols for key exchange in a packet data network H04L63/061
• CPC Class Codes: H04L 9/12 Transmitting and receiving encryption devices synchronised or initially set up in a particular manner

Abstract

A sender and a receiver includes first and second arrays of coupled oscillators, respectively, that are substantially identically constructed so as to exhibit substantially the same dynamical response to excitation. A chaotic waveform generated at the sender is transmitted to the receiver, which generates a second chaotic waveform, and compares the received waveform with the generated second waveform. If the first and second waveforms match the sender is an authorized sender. An integrated circuit includes an array of coupled oscillators that in combination generate a waveform in response to at least one excitation signal. The array of coupled oscillators represents, in response to application of the excitation signals, a multi-dimensional security key that is shared between the sender of the waveform and the receiver of the waveform.

Claims

1. A method, comprising:

exciting at least some individual ones of a plurality of oscillators of an array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators with a signal comprising first key information known to a sender and to a receiver, and said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators representing second key information known to the sender and to the receiver;

generating a waveform that comprises signals output from the at least some individual ones of the globally, repulsively coupled oscillators; and

sending the waveform from the sender to the receiver,

wherein each said oscillator has an associated uncoupled frequency.

2. The method of claim 1, where the first key information comprises initial conditions.

3. The method of claim 2, where the initial conditions comprise at least one of an excitation pattern, used subsets of frequencies, and a set of observation intervals.

4. The method as in claim 2, where first key information descriptive of said initial conditions is sent to the receiver.

5. The method as in claim 1, where the second key information comprises a set of frequencies and a coupling matrix.

6. The method as in claim 1, where said first key information comprises strength of a feedback signal coupled from an output of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators to an input of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators.

7. The method as in claim 1, where said second key information comprises strength of a feedback signal coupled from an output of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators to an input of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators.

8. The method as in claim 1, where the generated waveform is comprised of a time evolution of frequencies generated by at least some of said oscillators and exhibits chaotic behavior, and further comprising embedding at least one pilot signal into the generated waveform.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators comprises multiple oscillators that each have a different associated uncoupled frequency.

10. An apparatus comprising an array of coupled oscillators that in combination are configured to generate a waveform in response to at least one excitation signal, wherein the waveform comprises signals output from at least some individual ones of the coupled oscillators, and said array of coupled oscillators configured to represent, in response to application of the at least one excitation signal, a multi-dimensional security key that is shared between a sender of the waveform and a receiver of the waveform,

wherein each said oscillator has an associated uncoupled frequency, and said array of coupled oscillators comprises an array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators.

11. The apparatus as in claim 10, where said oscillators comprise at least one of micro-electromechanical system components, nano-electromechanical system components, and transistor-based components.

12. The apparatus as in claim 10, where said oscillators comprise carbon nanotubes.

13. The apparatus as in claim 10, further comprising circuitry configured to convert a current output of said array to a voltage output, said voltage output comprising said waveform.

14. The apparatus as in claim 10, further comprising a commutation circuit coupled to an output of said array of coupled oscillators and configured to select a subset of frequencies n output from said array.

15. The apparatus as in claim 10, where said waveform is comprised of a time evolution of frequencies generated by at least some of said oscillators and exhibits chaotic behavior.

16. The apparatus as in claim 10, further comprising a pilot signal generator coupled to an output of said array of coupled oscillators and configured to periodically embed a predetermined frequency signal into the waveform.

17. The apparatus as in claim 10, further comprising a feedback circuit coupled between an output of said array and an input of said array.

18. The apparatus as in claim 17, where said feedback circuit is configured to provide an amount of feedback that comprises a part of said multi-dimensional security key.

19. The apparatus as in claim 18, where strength of the feedback is variable over time.

20. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is an integrated circuit.

21. A method, comprising:

receiving, at a receiver, a waveform from a sender;

exciting at least some individual ones of a plurality of oscillators of an array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators with at least one signal comprising first key information known to the sender and to the receiver, and said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators representing second key information known to the sender and to the receiver;

generating a waveform that comprises signals output from the at least some individual ones of the globally, repulsively coupled oscillators; and

comparing the generated waveform to the received waveform,

wherein each said oscillator has an associated uncoupled frequency.

22. The method of claim 21, where, if a result of comparing indicates a difference between the generated waveform and the received waveform that is less than a threshold amount, indicating that the sender is an authorized sender.

23. The method as in claim 21, where the first key information comprises initial conditions.

24. The method of claim 23, where the initial conditions comprise at least one of an excitation pattern, used subsets of frequencies, and a set of observation intervals.

25. The method as in claim 23, where the first key information descriptive of said initial conditions is received from the sender.

26. The method as in claim 23, where the second key information comprises a set of frequencies and a coupling matrix.

27. The method as in claim 23, where said first key information comprises strength of a feedback signal coupled from an output of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators to an input of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators.

28. The method as in claim 21, where said second key information comprises strength of a feedback signal coupled from an output of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators to an input of said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators.

29. The method as in claim 21, further comprising receiving at least one pilot signal that is embedded in the received waveform.

30. An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code;

the at least one memory and the computer program code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus to perform at least the following;

exciting at least some individual ones of a plurality of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators with a signal comprising first key information known to a sender and to a receiver, and said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators representing second key information known to the sender and to the receiver;

outputting a waveform that comprises frequency signals from at least some individual ones of the plurality of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators, the generated waveform exhibiting chaotic behavior; and

sending the waveform from the sender to the receiver,

wherein each said oscillator has an associated uncoupled frequency.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, where the first key information comprises initial conditions that comprise at least one of an excitation pattern, used subsets of frequencies, and a set of observation intervals.

32. The apparatus as in claim 30, where first key information descriptive of said initial conditions is known to the receiver.

33. The apparatus of claim 30, where the second key information comprises a set of frequencies and a coupling matrix.

34. The apparatus of claim 30, where said second key information comprises strength of a feedback signal.

35. The apparatus as in claim 30, further comprising embedding at least one pilot signal into the generated waveform.

36. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the apparatus generates a time evolution of frequencies output from at least some of the plurality of oscillators.

37. An apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code;

the at least one memory and the computer program code configured, with the at least one processor, to cause the apparatus to perform at least the following;

receiving a waveform from a sender at a receiver;

exciting at least some individual ones of a plurality of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators with a signal comprising first key information known to the sender and to the receiver, and said array of globally, repulsively coupled oscillators representing second key information known to the sender and to the receiver;

outputting a waveform that comprises frequency signals from at least some individual ones of the plurality of repulsively coupled oscillators, the generated waveform exhibiting chaotic behavior; and

comparing the output waveform to the received waveform,

wherein each said oscillator has an associated uncoupled frequency.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, where, if a result of comparing indicates a difference between the generated waveform and the received waveform that is less than a threshold amount, indicating that the sender is an authorized sender.

39. The apparatus as in claim 37, where the first key information comprises initial conditions that comprise at least one of an excitation pattern, used subsets of frequencies, and a set of observation intervals.

40. The apparatus as in claim 37, further comprising means for detecting a presence of a pilot signal that is embedded in the received waveform.

41. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the apparatus generates a time evolution of frequencies output from at least some of the plurality of oscillators.