Methods and Systems for Bidirectional Charging of Electrical Devices Via an Electrical System

• US 20140200724A1
• Filed: 08/15/2012
• Published: 07/17/2014
• Est. Priority Date: 08/15/2011
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: University of Washington
• Original Assignee: University of Washington
• Inventors: Sortomme, Eric
• Application Number:
  US14/234,184
• Publication Number:
  US 20140200724A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 700/291
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/63 in response to network capacity
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/64 Optimising energy costs, e.g. responding to electricity rates
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 53/665 Methods related to measuring, billing or payment
• CPC Class Codes: B60L 55/00 Arrangements for supplying energy stored within a vehicle to a power network, i.e. vehicle-to-grid [V2G] arrangements
• CPC Class Codes: G06Q 10/06 Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 2310/64 The condition being economic, e.g. tariff based load management
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/003 Load forecast, e.g. methods or systems for forecasting future load demand
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 3/008 involving trading of energy or energy transmission rights
• CPC Class Codes: H02J 4/00 Circuit arrangements for mains or distribution networks not specified as ac or dc
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/30 Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
• CPC Class Codes: Y02B 70/3225 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y02E 60/00 Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/70 Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 10/7072 Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/12 Electric charging stations
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/14 Plug-in electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/16 Information or communication technologies improving the operation of electric vehicles
• CPC Class Codes: Y02T 90/167 Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles, i.e. smartgrids as interface for battery charging of electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 10/126 the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G]
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/222 Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 20/242 : Home appliances
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 30/14 : Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing
• CPC Class Codes: Y04S 50/10 : Energy trading, including energy flowing from end-user application to grid

Abstract

Disclosed herein are methods, systems, and devices that may be implemented by an energy aggregator to control, or regulate, the electric load placed on an electric grid by an aggregation of electrical devices, such as electric vehicles. Generally, the disclosed methods and systems may provide for the bidirectional modulation of the power draw of each electric vehicle around a first power draw, or scheduled power draw. Further, the disclosed methods and systems provide for the determination of a desirable scheduled power draw for a given electric vehicle. In one example, the scheduled power draw may be determined based on, among other things, a respective amount of projected degradation in a given time period of each electrical device from a set of electrical devices. In another example, the scheduled power draw may be determined based on, among other considerations, a maximization of the profit derived by the energy aggregator for both providing power to an aggregation of electric vehicles and for providing a regulation function to the electrical grid (at the request, for example, of an electrical-system operator).

Claims

1. A method comprising:

determining, based on at least a respective amount of projected degradation in a given time period of each electrical device from a set of electrical devices, a respective first power draw of each electrical device for the given time period, wherein each electrical device is coupled to an electrical system;

receiving, from an electrical system operator, a regulation-variance value that indicates a variation from a scheduled power consumption of the electrical system;

determining a second power draw for a given electrical device from the set of electrical devices based on at least the determined respective first power draw for each electrical device and the received regulation-variance value; and

transmitting to the given electrical device a power-draw message indicating the determined second power draw.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective first power draw is a respective scheduled power draw of each electrical device.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second power draw is a dispatched power draw of the given electrical device.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining, based on at least the respective amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device from the set of electrical devices, the respective first power draw of each electrical device for the given time period, comprises:

maximizing an energy-aggregator profit based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein maximizing the energy-aggregator profit based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, comprises:

maximizing the energy-aggregator profit based on (i) the respective first power draw for each electrical device, (ii) the respective amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, (iii) a respective maximum additional power draw for each electrical device, (iv) a respective minimum additional power draw for each electrical device, and (v) a respective reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for each electrical device.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the energy-aggregator profit is defined by at least one of an income of the energy aggregator and a cost to the energy aggregator, and wherein maximizing the energy-aggregator profit based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, comprises:

maximizing the energy-aggregator profit subject to a set of conditions, the set of conditions defined by at least (a) the respective first power draw of each electrical device, (b) the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, and (c) a respective efficiency of each electrical device.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the energy-aggregator profit is defined by at least the income of the energy aggregator, and wherein the income of the energy aggregator is determined based on at least a regulation-service income and an energy-supply-service income.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the energy-aggregator profit is defined by at least the cost to the energy aggregator, and the cost to the energy aggregator is determined based on at least (a) a respective expected value of the final power draw of each electrical device, (b) a cost of energy, (c) a respective projected degradation cost of each electrical device, and (d) a respective efficiency of each electrical device.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the set of conditions is further defined by at least (a) a respective expected value of the final power draw of each electrical device, (b) a respective projected degradation cost of each electrical device, (c) a respective initial state of charge of each electrical device, (d) a reduction in a state of charge associated with a trip, (e) a respective maximum additional power draw for each electrical device, (f) a respective minimum additional power draw for each electrical device, (g) a respective reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for each electrical device, (h) a respective maximum charge capacity of each electrical device, (i) a respective maximum possible power draw of each electrical device, (j) a maximum day-ahead forecasted net load of the electrical system, (k) a minimum day-ahead forecasted net load of the electrical system, and (l) an actual net load of the electrical system.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the regulation-variance value is at least one of (i) an electrical-system-regulation value and (ii) a responsive-reserve-regulation value.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining that (a) a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) the regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) the regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining that (a) a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that the third regulation value is less than zero; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining (a) that a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining either (a) that a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) the responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

19. The method of claim 10, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining either (a) that a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) the responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

20. A computing device comprising:

a non-transitory computer readable medium; and

program instructions stored on the non-transitory computer readable medium and executable by at least one processor to cause the computing device to;

determine, based on at least a respective amount of projected degradation in a given time period of each electrical device from a set of electrical devices, a respective first power draw of each electrical device for the given time period, wherein each electrical device is coupled to an electrical system;

receive, from an electrical system operator, a regulation-variance value that indicates a variation from a scheduled power consumption of the electrical system;

determine a second power draw for a given electrical device from the set of electrical devices based on at least the determined respective first power draw for each electrical device and the received regulation-variance value; and

transmit to the given electrical device a power-draw message indicating the determined second power draw.

21. The computing device of claim 20, wherein determining, based on at least the respective amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device from the set of electrical devices, the respective first power draw of each electrical device for the given time period, comprises:

maximizing an energy-aggregator profit based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device.

22. The computing device of claim 21, wherein maximizing the energy-aggregator profit based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, comprises:

maximizing the energy-aggregator profit subject to a set of conditions, the set of conditions defined by at least (a) the respective first power draw of each electrical device, (b) the amount of projected degradation in the given time period of each electrical device, and (c) a respective efficiency of each electrical device.

23. The computing device of claim 22, wherein the set of conditions is further defined by at least (a) a respective expected final power draw of each electrical device, (b) a respective projected degradation cost of each electrical device, (c) a respective initial state of charge of each electrical device, (d) a reduction in a state of charge associated with a trip, (e) a respective maximum additional power draw for each electrical device, (f) a respective minimum additional power draw for each electrical device, (g) a respective reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for each electrical device, (h) a respective maximum charge capacity of each electrical device, (i) a respective maximum possible power draw of each electrical device, (j) a maximum day-ahead forecasted net load of the electrical system, (k) a minimum day-ahead forecasted net load of the electrical system, and (l) an actual net load of the electrical system.

24. The computing device of claim 20, wherein the regulation-variance value is at least one of (i) an electrical-system-regulation value and (ii) a responsive-reserve-regulation value.

25. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining that (a) a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

26. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) the regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

27. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value does not exceed a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) the regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

28. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining that (a) a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

29. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) minimum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device; and

determining that the third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

30. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the electrical-system-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the electrical-system-regulation value exceeds a system-regulation-value threshold;

determining either that (a) a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-down capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the system-regulation value and (b) a regulation-up capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the maximum additional power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device;

determining that the third regulation value is less than zero; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

31. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining (a) that a first regulation value is less than a second regulation value and (b) that a third regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the first regulation value.

32. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining either (a) that a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) the responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the second regulation value.

33. The computing device of claim 24, wherein determining the second power draw comprises an energy aggregator determining the second power draw based on at least the respective first power draw for each electrical device and at least the responsive-reserve-regulation value, and wherein the energy aggregator determining the second power draw comprises:

determining that the responsive-reserve-regulation value exceeds a responsive-reserve-regulation-value threshold;

determining either (a) that a first regulation value is not less than a second regulation value or (b) that a third regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the first regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus the current power draw of the given electrical device, wherein the second regulation value is a ratio of (a) a charge remaining to be supplied to the given electrical device and (b) a charging efficiency of the given electrical device, and wherein the third regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) a responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device, plus a state of charge of the given electrical device, plus the first power draw of the given electrical device;

determining that a fourth regulation value is not greater than or equal to zero, wherein the fourth regulation value is a ratio of (a) the responsive-reserve-regulation value and (b) the responsive-reserve capacity of the energy aggregator, multiplied by a ratio of (a) the reduction in power draw available for spinning reserves for the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device, plus the state of charge of the given electrical device, plus a ratio of (a) the first power draw of the given electrical device and (b) the charging efficiency of the given electrical device; and

determining that the second power draw is equal to the inverse of the state of charge of the given electrical device multiplied by the charging efficiency of the given electrical device.

34. A physical computer-readable medium having computer executable instructions stored thereon, the instructions comprising:

instructions for determining, based on at least a respective amount of projected degradation in a given time period of each electrical device from a set of electrical devices, a respective first power draw of each electrical device for the given time period, wherein each electrical device is coupled to an electrical system;

instructions for receiving, from an electrical system operator, a regulation-variance value that indicates a variation from a scheduled power consumption of the electrical system;

instructions for determining a second power draw for a given electrical device from the set of electrical devices based on at least the determined respective first power draw for each electrical device and the received regulation-variance value; and

instructions for transmitting to the given electrical device a power-draw message indicating the determined second power draw.