USE OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITORS IN SKIN CARE

• US 20090068255A1
• Filed: 04/30/2008
• Published: 03/12/2009
• Est. Priority Date: 04/30/2007
• Status: Abandoned Application

• Current Assignee: Living Proof, Inc. (Unilever PLC)
• Original Assignee: Living Proof, Inc. (Unilever PLC)
• Inventors: Li, Zhi, Bedford, Susan Eilidh, Clark, Scott, Spengler, Eric George, Kim, Yushan, Adams, Benjamin, Yu, Betty, Anderson, Daniel Griffith, Puerta, David Thomas, Nashat, Amir, McLaughlin, Ronald P.
• Application Number:
  US12/112,374
• Publication Number:
  US 20090068255A1
• Time in Patent Office: Days
• US Class Current: 424/450
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2800/31 Anhydrous
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 2800/782 Enzyme inhibitors; Enzyme antagonists
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/0212 Face masks
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/0229 Sticks
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/062 Oil-in-water emulsions
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/064 Water-in-oil emulsions, e.g. Water-in-silicone emulsions
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/14 Liposomes; Vesicles
• CPC Class Codes: A61K 8/498 having 6-membered rings or their condensed derivatives, e.g. coumarin
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 17/00 Drugs for dermatological disorders
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 17/02 for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 35/00 Antineoplastic agents
• CPC Class Codes: A61P 9/00 Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 17/04 Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 19/00 Preparations for care of the skin
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 19/005 Preparations for sensitive skin
• CPC Class Codes: A61Q 19/08 Anti-ageing preparations

Abstract

The application of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors to the skin inhibits the degradation of proteins found in the skin including collagen, elastin, and other basement membrane and extracellular matrix protein. MMP inhibitors may be used in both cosmetic compositions and pharmaceutical compositions for application to skin. MMP inhibitors are formulated with a cosmetically suitable vehicle or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient for application to the skin as creams, lotions, ointments, solutions, face masks, etc. As cosmetics, the inventive MMP inhibitor compositions are applied to the skin to prevent or reduce the appearance of wrinkles, pigmentation changes, loss of elasticity, or other effects associated with aging or sun damage. As pharmaceuticals, the inventive MMP inhibitor compositions may also be applied to the skin to treat or prevent a skin disease (e.g., proliferative disease, inflammatory disease).

Claims

1. A cosmetic method of skin care, the method comprising steps of:

applying to the skin of a subject a cosmetically effective amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor in a cosmetically suitable vehicle in order to improve the appearance of skin, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a cosmetically acceptable form thereof.

2. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

3. The cosmetic method of claim 2, wherein X is O.

4. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

5. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

6. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

7. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

8. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying is repeated at least daily.

9. The cosmetic method of claim 1, wherein the step of applying is repeated at least twice daily.

10. The cosmetic method of claim 1 further comprising applying to the skin of the subject a retinoid.

11. The cosmetic method of claim 1 further comprising applying to the skin of the subject a sunscreen.

12. The cosmetic method of claim 1 further comprising applying to the skin of the subject an antioxidant.

13. A pharmaceutical method of treating skin, the method comprising steps of:

administering to the skin of a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor in a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient in order to treat a skin condition, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

14. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

15. The pharmaceutical method of claim 14, wherein X is O.

16. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

17. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

18. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

19. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the MMP inhibitor is:

20. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the step of administering is repeated at least weekly.

21. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the step of administering is repeated at least daily.

22. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the step of administering is repeated at least twice daily.

23. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to decrease the degradation of collagen in the treated skin by at least 25%.

24. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to decrease the degradation of collagen in the treated skin by at least 50%.

25. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to decrease the degradation of collagen in the treated skin by at least 75%.

26. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to decrease the degradation of collagen in the treated skin by at least 90%.

27. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to increase or prevent the decrease of procollagen levels.

28. The pharmaceutical method of claim 13, wherein the amount of MMP inhibitor applied is effective to stimulate the formation of new collagen.

29. A pharmaceutical method of treating telangiectasia, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the appearance of telangiectasia, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

30. The pharmaceutical method of claim 29, wherein the reduction in the appearance of telangiectasia is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

31. The pharmaceutical method of claim 29, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

32. A pharmaceutical method of treating coarse wrinkles, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the appearance of coarse wrinkles, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

33. The pharmaceutical method of claim 32, wherein the reduction in the appearance of coarse wrinkles is measured by profilometry of silicone replicas from the crow'"'"'s feet area of the subject'"'"'s face.

34. The pharmaceutical method of claim 32, wherein the reduction in the appearance of coarse wrinkles is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

35. The pharmaceutical method of claim 32, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

36. A cosmetic method decreasing the appearance of pore size in the skin, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the apparent pore size, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a cosmetically acceptable form thereof.

37. The cosmetic method of claim 36, wherein the appearance in reduction in pore size is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

38. The cosmetic method of claim 36, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

39. A cosmetic method of reducing the appearance of redness, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the appearance of redness, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a cosmetically acceptable form thereof.

40. The cosmetic method of claim 39, wherein the reduction in the appearance of redness is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

41. The cosmetic method of claim 39, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

42. A cosmetic method of reducing the appearance of coarse wrinkles, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the appearance of coarse wrinkles.

43. The cosmetic method of claim 42, wherein the reduction in the appearance of coarse wrinkles is measured by profilometry of silicone replicas from the crow'"'"'s feet area of the subject'"'"'s face.

44. The cosmetic method of claim 42, wherein the reduction in the appearance of coarse wrinkles is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

45. The cosmetic method of claim 42, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

46. A cosmetic method of reducing the appearance of pores in the skin, the method comprising:

administering to the skin of a subject an amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor sufficient to reduce the appearance of pores in the skin.

47. The cosmetic method of claim 46, wherein the reduction in appearance of pores is measured using scored visual assessment by a dermatologist.

48. The cosmetic method of claim 46, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

49. A cosmetic composition comprising:

a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof; and

a cosmetically acceptable excipient.

50. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the composition is in the form selected from the group consisting of lotions, creams, gels, solutions, pastes, serums, solid sticks, powders, sprays, face mask, and foams.

51. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises a solubilizer.

52. The cosmetic composition of claim 51, wherein the solubilizer is selected from the group consisting of ether, alkoxylated alcohols, alkoxylated amines, sorbitan esters, phospholipids, and fatty quaternaries.

53. The cosmetic composition of claim 51, wherein the solubilizer is dimethyl isosorbide.

54. The cosmetic composition of claim 51, wherein the solubilizer is polyethylene glycol.

55. The cosmetic composition of claim 51, wherein the solubilizer is a phospholipid.

56. The cosmetic composition of claim 51, wherein the solubilizer is a fatty quaternary amine.

57. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises an emulsifier.

58. The cosmetic composition of claim 57, wherein the emulsifier is an anionic emulsifier.

59. The cosmetic composition of claim 57, wherein the emulsifier is a cationic emulsifier.

60. The cosmetic composition of claim 57, wherein the emulsifier is a non-ionic emulsifier.

61. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises an oil, lipid, phospholipids, silicone, or wax.

62. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises a fatty acid.

63. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises water, an alcohol, or a solvent.

64. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises a synthetic polymer.

65. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the cosmetically acceptable vehicle comprises a humectant, emollient, lubricant, wetting agent, or thickening agent.

66. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a sunscreen.

67. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising an antioxidant, a reducing agent, a chelating agent or preservative.

68. The cosmetic composition of claim 67, wherein the antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbyl palmitate (vitamin C palmitate), and tocopherol.

69. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a vitamin.

70. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a fragrance.

71. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a plant extract.

72. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a coloring agent.

73. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a protein, peptide, or amino acid

74. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a polysaccharide, oligosaccharide, or sugar.

75. The cosmetic composition of claim 49 further comprising a polynucleotide, nucleoside or nucleotide.

76. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the MMP inhibitor is encapsulated in a polymeric matrix.

77. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the MMP inhibitor is encapsulated in polymeric particles.

78. The cosmetic composition of claim 49, wherein the MMP inhibitor is in a liposome or micelle.

79. A cosmetic composition comprising water, disodium EDTA, carbomer, xantham gum, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, glycerin, butylated hydroxytoluene, dimethyl isosorbide, ceteraryl alcohol ceteareth-20, capryl/capric triglyceride, glyceryl stearate PEG-100 stearate, sodium hydroxide, phenoxyethanol, chlorphenesin, methylparaben, propylparaben, and an MMP inhibitor of formula:

80. A cosmetic composition comprising water, glycerin, sodium chloride, hyaluronic acid, echinacin, ascorbyl palmitate, tocopheryl acetate, BHT, PEG-4, PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate, cyclopentasiloxane, polysilicone 11, glyceryl laurate, cetyl PEG/PPG 10/1 dimethicone, PEG/PPG-18/18 dimethicone, dimethicone, vinyl dimethicone cross polymer, silica, phenoxyethanol, caprylyl glycol, sorbic acid, and an MMP inhibitor of formula:

81. A cosmetic composition comprising water, an antioxidant, a solubilizer, and an MMP inhibitor of formula:

82. A method of treating or preventing a skin disease, the method comprising steps of:

administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

83. The method of claim 82, wherein the subject is a human.

84. The method of claim 82, wherein the step of administering comprises administering the therapeutically effective amount of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor to the skin of the subject.

85. The method of claim 82, wherein the skin disease is an inflammatory disease.

86. The method of claim 82, wherein the skin disease is an autoimmune disease.

87. The method of claim 82, wherein the skin disease is a proliferative disease.

88. The method of claim 82, wherein the skin disease is skin cancer.

89. The method of claim 82, wherein the skin disease is a wound.

90. The method of claim 82, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of the formula:

91. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:

a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, wherein the MMP inhibitor is of one of the formulae;

wherein

X is O or S; and

each of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is independently hydrogen;

halogen;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic;

cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;

substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;

—

OR_A;

—

C(═

O)R_A;

—

CO₂R_A;

—

CN;

—

SCN;

—

SR_A;

—

SOR_A;

—

SO₂R_A;

—

NO₂;

—

N(R_A)₂;

—

NHC(O)R_A;

—

C(O)NHR_A;

—

CH₂NHR_A;

—

CH₂C(═

O)NHR_A;

or —

C(R_A)₃;

wherein each occurrence of R_A is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety;

an aryl moiety;

a heteroaryl moiety;

alkoxy;

aryloxy;

alkylthio;

arylthio;

amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy;

or heteroarylthio moiety;

and at least one of R¹, R², R³, and R⁴ is not hydrogen;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof; and

a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

92. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 91, wherein the composition is suitable for transdermal administration of the MMP inhibitor.